Basil

its useful for a pharmacy studen...

1. Basil
For other uses, seeBasil (disambiguation).
Basil,Thai basil, orsweet basil, is a common name for
the culinary herbOcimum basilicum(UK/ˈbæzəl/;
*
[1]
US/ˈbeɪzəl/
*
[2]) of thefamilyLamiaceae(mints), some-
times known as Saint Joseph's Wort in some English
speaking countries.
Basil is possibly native toIndia,
*
[3]and has been culti-
vated there for more than 5,000 years.
*
[4]It was thor-
oughly familiar to the Greek authorsTheophrastus
*
[5]
andDioscorides. It is ahalf-hardyannual plant, best
known as a culinary herb prominently featured inItalian
cuisine, and also plays a major role inSoutheast Asian
cuisines ofIndonesia,Thailand,Malaysia,Vietnam,
Cambodia,Laos, andTaiwan. Depending on the species
and cultivar, the leaves may taste somewhat likeanise,
with a strong, pungent, often sweet smell.
There are manyvarieties ofOcimum basilicum, as well
as several related species or species hybrids also called
basil. The type used in Italian food is typically called
sweet basil, as opposed toThai basil(O. basilicumvar.
thyrsiflora),lemon basil(O. X citriodorum) andholy basil
(Ocimum tenuiflorum), which are used in Asia. While
most common varieties of basil are treated asannuals,
some areperennialin warm, tropical climates, including
holy basil and a cultivar known as'African Blue'.
1 Etymology
The wordbasilcomes from theGreekβασιλεύς
(basileus), meaning“king”,
*
[6]as it has come to be
associated with theFeast of the Crosscommemorating
the finding of theTrue CrossbySt. Helena, mother of
the emperorConstantine I.
*
[7]The herbalistJohn Gerard
noted that those stung by scorpions would feel no pain if
they ate of basil,
*
[8]andNicholas Culpepernoted of basil
that it was“an herb of Mars and under the Scorpion, and
therefore called Basilicon”,
*
[9]relating it tobasilisk. The
Oxford English Dictionaryquotes speculations that basil
may have been used in“some royal unguent, bath, or
medicine”. Basil is still considered the“king of herbs”
by many cookery authors.
*
[10]
2 Nomenclature and taxonomy
Most commercially available basils are cultivars of sweet
basil. There are over 160 named cultivars available, with
new ones appearing every year. There are also a number
of species sold. Here are some basils commonly sold in
the US.
*
[4]
For a more complete list, seeList of basil cultivars
-African blue basil(Ocimum basilicum X O. kili-
mandscharicum)
-Anise basilorPersian basil(Licorice basil||O.
basilicum'Licorice'||)
-Camphor basil, African basil (O. kilimandschar-
icum)
-Cinnamon basil(Ocimum basilicum'Cinnamon')
-Dark opal basil(Ocimum basilicum'Dark Opal')
-Globe basil, dwarf basil, French basil (Ocimum
basilicum'Minimum'
*
[11])
-Hoary basil (Ocimum americanumformerly known
asO. canum)
-Holy basil(Ocimum tenuiflorum, formerly known as
O. sanctum)
-Spice basil (a cultivar ofOcimum americanum,
which is sometimes sold as holy basil)
-Lemon basil (Ocimum americanum)
-Lettuce leaf basil(Ocimum basilicum'Crispum')
-Purple basil (Ocimum basilicum'Purpurescens')
-Queen of Siam basil (Ocimum basilicum citriodo-
rum)
-Rubin basil(Ocimum basilicum'Rubin')
2.1 Similar species
-Ocimum gratissimum
*
[12]
*
[13]
1

2. 2 6 CHEMICAL COMPONENTS
Dried basil leaves
3 Culinary use
Basil is most commonly used fresh in cooked recipes. In
general, it is added at the last moment, as cooking quickly
destroys the flavor. The fresh herb can be kept for a short
time in plastic bags in the refrigerator, or for a longer pe-
riod in the freezer, after beingblanchedquickly in boil-
ing water. The dried herb also loses most of its flavor,
and what little flavor remains tastes very different, with a
weakcoumarinflavor, likehay.
Basil is one of the main ingredients inpesto—a green
Italian oil-and-herb sauce.
The most commonly used Mediterranean basilcultivars
are“Genovese”,“Purple Ruffles”,“Mammoth”,
“Cinnamon”,“Lemon”,“Globe”, and "African Blue".
TheChinesealso use fresh or dried basils in soups and
other foods. InTaiwan, people add fresh basil leaves to
thick soups (Chinese:羹湯;pinyin:gēngtāng). They also
eatfried chickenwith deep-fried basil leaves. Basil (most
commonly Thai basil) is commonly steeped in cream or
milk to create an interesting flavor in ice cream or choco-
lates (such as truffles). The leaves are not the only part of
basil used in culinary applications, the flower buds have a
more subtle flavor and they are edible.
Thai basil is also a condiment in the Vietnamese noodle
soup,phở.
3.1 Seeds
When soaked in water, the seeds of several basil vari-
eties become gelatinous, and are used in Asian drinks and
desserts such asfaluda,sherbetorhột é.
4 Folk use
Basil is used for its medicinal properties inAyurveda,
the traditional medicinal system of India andSiddha
medicine, a traditionalTamilsystem of medicine.
5 Other cultivars
Further information:List of basil cultivars
Several other basils, including some otherOcimum
species, are grown in many regions of Asia. Most of the
Asian basils have a clove-like flavor that is, in general,
stronger than the Mediterranean basils. The most notable
is theholy basilortulsi, a revered home-grown plant in
India andNepal. In China, the local cultivar is called
(Chinese:九層塔;pinyin:jiǔ céng tǎ; literally:“nine-
levelpagoda"), while the imported varieties are called
(Chinese:羅勒;pinyin:luó lè) or (Chinese:巴西里;
pinyin:bā xī lǐ), although [巴西里] often refers to a dif-
ferent plant—parsley.
Lemon basil has a strong lemony smell and flavor very
different from those of other varieties because it contains
a chemical calledcitral. It is widely used in Indonesia,
where it is calledkemangiand served raw, together with
raw cabbage, green beans, and cucumber, as an accom-
paniment to fried fish or duck. Its flowers, when broken
up, are a zesty salad condiment.
6 Chemical components
The various basils have such different scents because
the herb has a number of differentessential oilsthat
come together in different proportions for various breeds.
The strongclovescent of sweet basil is derived from
eugenol, the same chemical as actual cloves.
*
[14]The
citrus scent of lemon basil and lime basil reflects their
higher portion of citral, which causes this effect in sev-
eral plants includinglemon mint, and oflimonene, which
gives actual lemon peel its scent. African blue basil has
a strongcamphorsmell because it contains camphor and
camphenein higher proportions. Licorice basil contains
anethole, the same chemical that makes anise smell like
licorice, and in fact is sometimes called“anise basil.”
Other chemicals that help to produce the distinctive
scents of many basils, depending on their proportion in
each specific breed, include:
-citronellol(scented geraniums,roses, and
citronella)
*
[15]
-linalool
*
[16](a flowery scent also incoriander)
-myrcene(bay leaf,myrcia)
*
[17]
-pinene(which is, as the name implies, the chemical
that gives pine oil its scent)
-ocimene
*
[17]
-terpineol
-linalyl acetate

3. 3
-fenchyl acetate
-trans-ocimene
-1,8-cineole
-camphor octanane
-methyl eugenol
-methyl chavicol
*
[15]
-eugenol
*
[15]
-beta-caryophyllene
Based on chemical content, basils can be divided into four
groups:
1.French;Ocimum basilicum, contains lower amounts
ofphenols
2.exotic; containsmethyl chavicol(40–80%)
3.methyl cinnamate–ether90%
4.eugenol
6.1 Aroma profiles
-1,8-cineole
*
[18]
*
[19]
-Bergamotene
*
[20]
-Eugenol
*
[18]
*
[20]
-Linalool
*
[18]
*
[20]
-Methyl chavicol
*
[19]
*
[20]
-Methyl cinnamate
*
[20]
*
[21]
-Methyl eugenol
*
[18]
*
[22]
-Phenylpropanoids
*
[18]
-trans-β-Ocimene
*
[18]
7 Cultivation
Most culinary and ornamental basils are cultivars of the
speciesOcimum basilicum, but other species are also
grown and there are many hybrids between species. Tra-
ditionally a green plant, some varieties, such as 'Purple
Delight' have leaves that appear purple.
*
[23]
Basil grows between 30–130 cm (12–51 in) tall, with op-
posite, light green, silkyleaves3–11 cm (1.2–4.3 in) long
and 1–6 cm (0.39–2.36 in) broad. The flowers are small,
white in color and arranged in a terminalspike. Unusual
among Lamiaceae, the fourstamensand thepistilare not
pushed under the upper lip of thecorolla, but lie over the
inferior lip. Afterentomophilouspollination, the corolla
Timelapseof growing basil
Basil growing in the sun
Basil sprout at an early stage
falls off and four roundachenesdevelop inside the bilabi-
atecalyx.
Basil is very sensitive to cold, with best growth in hot, dry

4. 4 9 CULTURAL ASPECTS
conditions. It behaves as an annual if there is any chance
of a frost. In Northern Europe, Canada, the northern
states of the U.S., and the South Island of New Zealand
it will grow best if sown under glass in apeatpot, then
planted out in late spring/early summer (when there is lit-
tle chance of a frost).
*
[24]Additionally, it may be sown
in soil once chance of frost is past. It fares best in a well-
drained sunny spot.
Although basil grows best outdoors, it can be grown in-
doors in a pot and, like most herbs, will do best on an
equator-facing windowsill. It should be kept away from
extremely cold drafts, and grows best in strong sunlight,
therefore agreenhouseorrow coveris ideal if available.
It can, however, be grown even in a basement, under flu-
orescent lights.
If its leaves have wilted from lack of water, it will recover
if watered thoroughly and placed in a sunny location. Yel-
low leaves towards the bottom of the plant are an indica-
tion that the plant has been stressed; usually this means
that it needs less water, or less or more fertilizer.
In sunnier climates such as Southern Europe, the south-
ern states of the U.S., the North Island of New Zealand,
and Australia, basil will thrive when planted outside. It
also thrives over the summertime in the central and north-
ern United States, but dies out when temperatures reach
freezing point. It will grow back the next year if allowed
to go to seed. It will need regular watering, but not as
much attention as is needed in other climates.
Basil can also be propagated very reliably from cuttings
with the stems of short cuttings suspended for two weeks
or so in water until roots develop.
Once a stem produces flowers, foliage production stops
on that stem, the stem becomes woody, and essential oil
production declines. To prevent this, a basil-grower may
pinch off any flower stems before they are fully mature.
Because only the blooming stem is so affected, some
stems can be pinched for leaf production, while others
are left to bloom for decoration or seeds.
Once the plant is allowed to flower, it may produce seed
pods containing small black seeds, which can be saved
and planted the following year. Picking the leaves off the
plant helps promote growth, largely because the plant re-
sponds by converting pairs of leaflets next to the topmost
leaves into new stems.
7.1 Companion planting
In double-blind taste tests, basil has been found not to sig-
nificantly affect the taste of tomatoes when planted adja-
cent to them.
*
[25]
7.2 Diseases
Basil suffers from several plant pathogens that can ruin
the crop and reduceyield.Fusarium wiltis a soil-borne
fungal disease that will quickly kill younger basil plants.
Seedlingsmay also be killed byPythiumdamping off.
A commonfoliardisease of basil isgray moldcaused by
Botrytis cinerea; it can also cause infections post-harvest
and is capable of killing the entire plant.Black spotcan
also be seen on basil foliage and is caused by thefungi
genusColletotrichum.
More recently,downy mildewof basil caused byPer-
onospora belbahriihas been a huge problem for both
commercial producers and home growers. The disease
was first reported in Italy in 2004,
*
[26]and was also re-
ported in the U.S. in 2007 and 2008
*
[27]
*
[28]and has
been steadily increasing in prevalence, distribution, and
economic importance since then.
8 Potential health effects
Recently, there has been much research into the health
benefits conferred by the essential oils found in basil.
Scientific studiesin vitrohave established that com-
pounds in basil oil have potentantioxidant,antiviral, and
antimicrobialproperties, and potential for use in treating
cancer.
*
[29]
*
[30]
*
[31]
*
[32]In addition, basil has been
shown to decrease the occurrence ofplateletaggregation
and experimentalthrombusin mice.
*
[33]It is tradition-
ally used for supplementary treatment of stress,asthma
anddiabetes mellitusin India.
*
[34]
Basil, like other aromatic plants such asfenneland
tarragon, containsestragole, a knowncarcinogenand
teratogenin rats and mice. While human effects are cur-
rently unstudied, extrapolation using body weight from
the rodent experiments indicates that 100–1000 times
the normal anticipated exposure still probably produces
a minimal cancer risk.
*
[35]
9 Cultural aspects
There are many rituals and beliefs associated with basil.
The French sometimes call basil "l'herbe royale" (“royal
herb”),
*
[36]while inWelshit has the synonymous name
"brenhinllys".
*
[37]
*
[38]Jewish folklore suggests it adds
strength while fasting.
*
[39]InPortugal, dwarf bush basil
is traditionally presented in a pot, together with a poem
and apom-pom, to a sweetheart, on the religious holidays
of Saint John and Saint Anthony. However, basil repre-
sented hatred in ancientGreece, and European lore some-
times claims that basil is a symbol ofSatan.
*
[40]African
legend claims that basil protects againstscorpions, while
the English botanistCulpepercites one“Hilarius, a
French physician”as affirming it as common knowledge

5. 5
A femalecarpenter beeforaging on basil
that smelling basil too much would breed scorpions in the
brain.
Holy basil, also calledtulsi, is highly revered inHinduism.
It is believed that the herb was found growing on the
original cross of Christ when it was discovered by the
Empress Helena, and hence basil has religious signifi-
cance in theGreek Orthodox Church, where it is used
to sprinkle holy water.
*
[41]TheBulgarian Orthodox
Church,Serbian Orthodox Church,Macedonian Ortho-
dox ChurchandRomanian Orthodox Churchuse basil
(Bulgarian and Macedonian:босилек;Romanian:busui-
oc,Serbian:&?осиљак) to prepare holy water and pots of
basil are often placed below church altars.
*
[42]
In Europe, basil is placed in the hands of the dead to
ensure a safe journey.
*
[43]In India, they place it in the
mouth of the dying to ensure they reach God.
*
[44]The
ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks believed it would
open the gates of heaven for a person passing on.
*
[45]
InBoccaccio'sDecamerona memorably morbid tale
(novella V) tells of Lisabetta, whose brothers slay her
lover. He appears to her in a dream and shows her where
he is buried. She secretly disinters the head, and sets it
in a pot of basil, which she waters with her daily tears.
The pot being taken from her by her brothers, she dies of
her grief not long after. Boccaccio's tale is the source of
John Keats' poemIsabella or The Pot of Basil– which in
turn inspired the paintingsIsabella (Millais painting)and
Isabella and the Pot of Basil. A similar story is told of the
Longobardqueen, Rosalind.
In certain central regions of Mexico, basil is used to draw
fortune by hanging a bunch of the plant in the door or win-
dow of the shop. The plant's growth reflects the wealth
of the business, showing how dutifully the owner cares
for his shop and the herb.
10 Toxicity studies
A study of the essential oil showed antifungal and insect-
repelling properties.
*
[46]A similar study reported in
2009 has confirmed that extracts from the plant are very
toxic tomosquitos.
*
[47]However, the plant is not toxic
to rats.
*
[12]Little information is available about any po-
tential toxicity in humans.
11 List of the cultivars and their
nomenclature
-African blue
-Dark opal
-Genovese
*
[47]
*
[48]
-Genovese Gigante
*
[22]
12 Gallery
-Flowering basil stalk and leaves
-Fresh basil leaves
-Basil seeds
-Basil plant
-Flowering basil stalk
-Basil leaves
-Ocimum basilicum
-sweet basil
13 See also
-Insect repellent
14 References
[1]“British: Basil”. Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 25
September 2014.
[2]“American: Basil”. Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved
25 September 2014.
[3]Gernot Katzer.“Spice Pages: Basil (Ocimum
basilicum/sanctum/tenuiflorum/canum)".gernot-katzers-
spice-pages.com.
[4]Father Kino's Herbs: Growing & Using them Today, 2011
Jacqueline A. Soule, Ph. D., Tierra del Sol Institute Press,
Tucson, AZ.

6. 6 14 REFERENCES
[5]Theophrastus mentions its woody root, i.vi.6.
[6]InAncient Greek, basil is ῴκίμον,okymon.
[7]There is no mention of basil in early sources,Eusebius of
Caesarea,Socrates ScholasticusandSozomen.
[8]Gerard,Herball.
[9]Nicholas Culpeper.“Culpeper's Complete Herbal – Gar-
den Bazil, or Sweet Bazil”.
[10]See, for example“Basil, king of the herb garden”.
[11]“Ocimum minimum information from NPGS/GRIN”.
ars-grin.gov.
[12]Fandohan, P.; Gnonlonfin, B; Laleye, A; Gbenou, JD;
Darboux, R; Moudachirou, M; et al. (2008).“Toxicity
and gastric tolerance of essential oils from Cymbopogon
citratus, Ocimum gratissimum and Ocimum basilicum
in Wistar rats”.Food and Chemical Toxicology46
(7): 2493–2497.doi:10.1016/j.fct.2008.04.006.PMID
18511170.
[13]Pessoa, L. M.; Morais, SM; Bevilaqua, CM; Luciano, JH
(2002).“Anthelmintic activity of essential oil ofOci-
mum gratissimumLinn. and eugenol againstHaemonchus
contortus".Veterinary Parasitology109(1–2): 59–63.
doi:10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00253-4.PMID12383625.
[14]Md Shahidul Islam (4 February 2011).Transient Recep-
tor Potential Channels. Springer. pp. 50–.ISBN978-
94-007-0265-3. Retrieved 2 August 2013. Eugenol is a
vanilloid contained in relatively high amounts in clove oil
from Eugenia caryophyllata, as well as cinnamon leaf oil
(Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and oil from the clove basil
Ocimum gratissimum. While eugenol is often referred to
as ...
[15]Jeffrey B. Harborne; Herbert Baxter (30 August 2001).
Chemical Dictionary of Economic Plants. John Wiley &
Sons. pp. 68–.ISBN978-0-471-49226-9. Retrieved 2
August 2013.
[16]J. Janick (ed.), James E. Simon, Mario R. Morales,
Winthrop B. Phippen, Roberto Fontes Vieira, and Zhi-
gang Hao,“Basil: A Source of Aroma Compounds and a
Popular Culinary and Ornamental Herb”, reprinted from:
Perspectives on new crops and new uses(1999), ASHS
Press, Alexandria, VA,ISBN 978-0-9615027-0-6.
[17]Eberhard Breitmaier (22 September 2006).Terpenes:
Flavors, Fragrances, Pharmaca, Pheromones. John Wiley
& Sons. pp. 11–.ISBN978-3-527-31786-8. Retrieved
2 August 2013. Acyclic monoterpenoid trienes such as
p-myrcene and configurational isomers of p- ocimene are
found in the oils of basil (leaves of Ocimum basilicum,
Labiatae), bay (leaves of Fimenta acris, Myrtaceae), hops
(strobiles of Humulus lupulus, ...
[18]Johnson, B. Christopher; et al. (1999).“Substantial UV-
B-mediated induction of essential oils in sweet basil (Oci-
mum basilicumL.)".Phytochemistry51(4): 507–510.
doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00767-5.
[19]Baritaux, O.; Richard, H.; Touche, J.; Derbesy, M.; et
al. (1992).“Effects of drying and storage of herbs and
spices on the essential oil. Part I. Basil,Ocimum basilicum
L.”.Flavour and Fragrance Journal7(5): 267–271.
doi:10.1002/ffj.2730070507.
[20]Klimánková, Eva; Holadová, Kateřina; Hajšlová, Jana;
Čajka, Tomáš; Poustka, Jan; Koudela, Martin; et
al. (2008).“Aroma profiles of five basil (Ocimum
basilicumL.) cultivars grown under conventional and or-
ganic conditions”.Food Chemistry107(1): 464–472.
doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.07.062.
[21]Brophy, J. J.; M. K. Jogia (1986).“Essential oils from
FijianOcimum basilicumL.”.Flavour and Fragrance
Journal1(2): 53–55.doi:10.1002/ffj.2730010203.
[22]Miele, Mariangela; Dondero, R; Ciarallo, G; Mazzei, M;
et al. (2001).“Methyleugenol inOcimum basilicumL. Cv.
'Genovese Gigante'".Journal of Agricultural and Food
Chemistry49(1): 517–521.doi:10.1021/jf000865w.
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[23]“Purple Delight”. Backyardgardener.com. Retrieved
2012-02-19.
[24]“Basil”.
[25]Bomford, Michael K. (2004)Yield, pest density, and
tomato flavor effects of companion planting in garden-
scale studies incorporating tomato, basil, and Brussels
sprout.Thesis, West Virginia University, Plant and Soil
Science, Unpublished
[26]Garibaldi, A., Minuto, A., Minuto, G., Gullino, M.L.,
2004. First Report of Downy Mildew on Basil (Ocimum
basilicum) in Italy. Plant Disease 88, 312–312
[27]Roberts, P.D., Raid, R.N., Harmon, P.F., Jordan, S.A.,
Palmateer, A.J., 2009. First Report of Downy Mildew
Caused by a Peronospora sp. on Basil in Florida and the
United States. Plant Disease 93, 199–199.
[28]Wick, R.L., Brazee, N.J., 2009. First Report of Downy
Mildew Caused by a Peronospora Species on Sweet Basil
(Ocimum basilicum) in Massachusetts. Plant Disease 93,
318–318.
[29]Bozin B, Mimica-Dukic N, Simin N, Anackov G (March
2006).“Characterization of the volatile composition of
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[30]Chiang LC, Ng LT, Cheng PW, Chiang W, Lin CC
(October 2005).“Antiviral activities of extracts
and selected pure constituents of Ocimum basilicum”
.Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 32(10):
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16173941.
[31]de Almeida I, Alviano DS, Vieira DP; et al. (July 2007).
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.Parasitol. Res.101(2): 443–52.doi:10.1007/s00436-
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7. 7
[32]Manosroi J, Dhumtanom P, Manosroi A (April
2006).“Anti-proliferative activity of essential oil
extracted from Thai medicinal plants on KB and
P388 cell lines”.Cancer Lett.235(1): 114–20.
doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2005.04.021.PMID15979235.
[33]Tohti I, Tursun M, Umar A, Turdi S, Imin H, Moore
N (2006).“Aqueous extracts of Ocimum basilicum
L. (sweet basil) decrease platelet aggregation induced by
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thrombosis in vivo”.Thromb. Res.118(6): 733–9.
doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2005.12.011.PMID16469363.
[34]Duke, James A.“Basil as the Holy Hindu Highness”.
doi:10.1089/act.2008.14101. Retrieved 10 May 2008.
[35]EMEA (3 March 2004).“Position Paper on the use of
HMP containing estragole”(PDF). p. 5. Retrieved 17
November 2006. In particular, rodent studies show that
these events are minimal probably in the dose range of 1–
10 mg/kg body weight, which is approximately 100–1000
times the anticipated human exposure to this substance
[36]Anstice Carroll; Embree De Persiis Vona; Gianna De Per-
siis Vona (2006).The Dictionary of Wholesome Foods:
A Passionate A-to-Z Guide to the Earth's Healthy Offer-
ings, with More Than 140 Delicious, Nutritious Recipes.
Da Capo Press. pp. 16–.ISBN978-1-56924-395-4. Re-
trieved 2 August 2013. The name“basil”comes from
the Greek word for“king”—so greatly did the Greeks
esteem this king of herbs. Herbe royale, the French re-
spectfully call it. In Italy basil serves the goddess Love; a
sprig of it worn by a suitor bespeaks his loving ...
[37]Marcus Zuerius Boxhorn (1654).Originum gallicorum
Liber. Retrieved 2 August 2013. Brenhinllys dqf, basil,
Ocimum
[38]John Walters (1828).An English and Welsh Dictio-
nary: Wherein Not Only the Words, But Also the Idioms
and Phraseology of the English Language are Carefully
Translated Into Welsh, by Proper and Equivalent Words
and Phrases; with a Regular Interspersion of the English
Proverbs and Proverbial Expressions Rendered by Corre-
sponding Ones in the Welsh Tongue. 3d Ed., Corrected and
Improved. Clwydian-Press. pp. 92–. Retrieved 2 August
2013. [herb] Brenhinllys dot', basil. Wild, or small basil
[39]Tova Navarra (1 January 2004).The Encyclopedia of Vi-
tamins, Minerals, and Supplements. Infobase Publishing.
pp. 25–.ISBN978-1-4381-2103-1. Retrieved 2 August
2013. There is varied folklore pertaining to basil. To the
French, basil is the herbe royale (royal herb); Jewish lore
holds that basil offers strength during fasting. To the Ital-
ians, basil symbolizes love, and to the Greeks, hate, al-
though the Greek word ...
[40]Nancy Arrowsmith (2009).Essential Herbal Wisdom: A
Complete Exploration of 50 Remarkable Herbs. Llewellyn
Worldwide. pp. 105–.ISBN978-0-7387-1488-2. Re-
trieved 2 August 2013. During one of their talks, Satan
told God to pick a bunch of basil flowers, lay them under
his pillow, and sleep on them overnight. In the morning,
God should take them to a virgin, have her smell them,
and she would conceive. This one time ...
[41]“Blessing of the Waters known as Agiasmos conducted
by a Greek Orthodox priest”. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
[42]Mercia MacDermott (1998).Bulgarian Folk Customs.
Jessica Kingsley Publishers. pp. 114–.ISBN978-1-
85302-485-6. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
[43]Amy Felder, CEPC (7 March 2007).Savory Sweets: From
Ingredients to Plated Desserts. John Wiley & Sons. pp.
92–.ISBN978-0-470-07968-3. Retrieved 2 August
2013.
[44]Lucy Bregman (2010).Religion, Death, and Dying. ABC-
CLIO. pp. 136–.ISBN978-0-313-35180-8. Retrieved 2
August 2013. A basil-like tulsi leaf, which is considered
to be a holy plant, may be placed in the mouth as well.
[45]Robin Nelson-Shellenbarger (25 February 2013).Family
Herbal Wellness. Booktango. pp. 38–.ISBN978-1-
4689-2481-7. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
[46]Dube, S.; et al. (1989).“Antifungal, physicochemical,
and insect-repelling activity of the essential oil of Ocimum
basilicum”. Retrieved 30 May 2009.
[47]Maurya, Prejwltta; Sharma, Preeti; Mohan, Lalit;
Batabyal, Lata; Srivastava, C.N.; et al. (2009).“Eval-
uation of the toxicity of different phytoextracts of Oci-
mum basilicum against Anopheles stephensi and Culex
quinquefasciatus”.Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology
12(2): 113–115.doi:10.1016/j.aspen.2009.02.004.
[48]Copetta, A.; et al.“Three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
differently affect growth, distribution of glandular tri-
chomes and essential oil composition inOcimum basilicum
var.genovese".Archivedfrom the original on 1 June
2009. Retrieved 3 July 2009.
15 External links
-Diseases of Basil and Their Management
-Basil: Knowing and Growing from the New York
Botanical Garden

8. 8 16 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
16 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
16.1 Text
-BasilSource:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil?oldid=688710770Contributors:Andre Engels, Rmhermen, Ewen, D, Greenman, Dgrant,
Ronz, Jpatokal, Angela, Cherkash, Dysprosia, Tpbradbury, Kaare, Fvw, Wetman, Hh~enwiki, Flockmeal, Pollinator, Robbot, WormRun-
ner, Smallweed, Rfc1394, Flauto Dolce, Rholton, Hadal, Raeky, Davidcannon, DocWatson42, MPF, Sbyholm, Yak, Risk one, Bkonrad,
Varlaam, Gzornenplatz, Wmahan, Andycjp, Toytoy, Quadell, Antandrus, Beland, Estel~enwiki, OverlordQ, JoJan, Burschik, Kareeser,
Neale Monks, Kevyn, Birdvosh~enwiki, Mike Rosoft, EugeneZelenko, Chris j wood, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Cacycle,
LindsayH, Jnestorius, CanisRufus, Fenevad, Kwamikagami, Bobo192, Circeus, Mboedick, Tronno, Davidruben, Johnteslade, SpeedyGon-
sales, Hesperian, MPerel, Gsklee, Alansohn, AnnaP, Arthena, Sl, Amram99, Hohum, Knowledge Seeker, LFaraone, Kazvorpal, Cey-
ockey, Mwparenteau, Stemonitis, Isfisk, Nuno Tavares, Mel Etitis, Woohookitty, Rocastelo, Mark 2000, FBarber, Deadcorpse, Chun-hian,
Pranathi, Rjwilmsi, Strait, Henna, FlaBot, Latka, Lemmikkipuu, Andham2000, CJLL Wright, Chobot, Gdrbot, WriterHound, Ben Tib-
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Ian Spackman, Vasho, Tim Q. Wells, Accurizer, Mr Stephen, Maksim L., ChazYork, Derrickchapman, V111P, Tauʻolunga, Tawker-
bot2, Daniel5127, Crazyjoeda, Dia^, Charles1649, Anthony Bradbury, Gogo Dodo, Damianrafferty, Viridae, Trueblood, JamesAM,
Thijs!bot, Ajwt2, Jac4b, Pepperbeast, Marek69, John254, Tapir Terrific, Benqish, Haleth, Heroeswithmetaphors, AntiVandalBot, Luna
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Hdt83, MartinBot, AussieBoy, Clarin, CommonsDelinker, Bph2103, Tgeairn, Wlodzimierz, Trusilver, Xris0, Trung3481, Ian.thomson,
Keithmswatson, Acalamari, Tranq83, Dextrase, (jarbarf), SJP, Nadiatalent, Mlle thenardier, Gotozeus, Pdcook, Million Moments, Sem-
prus, Idioma-bot, WWGB, Dharm0us, VolkovBot, TXiKiBoT, Bobbyjakrox, Pwnage8, Rei-bot, ElinorD, Oxfordwang, Mkubica, B. Jen-
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borgoBot, Red58bill, EmxBot, Adams4num2, SieBot, Coffee, BotMultichill, Elie plus, PanagosTheOther, VVVBot, Phe-bot, QualiaBot,
Bentogoa, Danburgess67, Jojalozzo, Crazymonkeybutt, Smf5000, OKBot, Escape Orbit, ClueBot, Ghulam Zeeshan, PipepBot, The Thing
That Should Not Be, Wiki Defence Force, Syhon, Liuzhou, Drmies, Mild Bill Hiccup, Uncle Milty, Pete unseth, MC Scared of Bees,
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Dave1185, Addbot, K kokkinos, Andrew K. Zimmerman, Ainali, TutterMouse, Cuaxdon, Ashton1983, Fluffernutter, Supersqr, Glane23,
Favonian, SeymourSycamore, Tassedethe, Tide rolls, Nguyễn Thanh Quang, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Vijayalayan, AnomieBOT, 1exec1,
Rjanag, Jim1138, Golb12, Materialscientist, Marvinyco, Clark89, The Firewall, Xqbot, Abu yasif, Addihockey10, Gigemag76, Grou-
choBot, Itineranttrader, Cod4beast77, Zefr, WilliamTheaker, Mayor mt, Shadowjams, Johnnie Rico, GTNz, FrescoBot, Oldlaptop321,
ChickenWings, Hasiru, BenzolBot, DivineAlpha, Henry123ifa, 7126glock, Citation bot 1, Krish Dulal, Gwybedyn, Edderso, 9980nf,
Castielli, Σ, ScottMHoward, Meaghan, Tim1357, FoxBot, TobeBot, Trappist the monk, Fnrhcp, Lotje, Dinamik-bot, Umesh119, ZhBot,
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Curb Chain, Johnccain, 1234sun, Xximperfect, Jpendlet, MusikAnimal, AvocatoBot, Mark Arsten, Nileshpmba, Amitsainisharp, Glevum,
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Music Fan, Lugia2453, JeannieNadja, Wywin, Kevin12xd, Wasigr81, Provacitu74, LieutenantLatvia, Ginsuloft, Sam Sailor, HalfGig,
Aleahshaika, Seangcxq, Breelin, Joseph Laferriere, Monkbot, Filedelinkerbot, JUser, Auxwit, Akos.bodnar, Sanskari, Dr Govin, Tisis-
sid, Julietdeltalima, Bubbycat, Thurstan Channing, Obama's cigar, Tillering, SuleymanOmayoglu, Morganfreeman43, Dope Island and
Anonymous: 498
16.2 Images
-File:Basil-PWittal.JPGSource:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Basil-PWittal.JPGLicense:CC BY 3.0Con-
tributors:Transferred fromen.wikipedia; transferred to Commons byUser:AnsumangusingCommonsHelper.
Original artist:Paul Wittal -Crazyjoedaaten.wikipedia
-File:Basil_sprout.jpgSource:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3b/Basil_sprout.jpgLicense:Cc-by-sa-3.0Contributors:
Own work
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Michalis_Famelis(talk) (Uploads)
-File:Basilic-spice.jpgSource:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Basilic-spice.jpgLicense:CC BY-SA 1.0Contrib-
utors:?Original artist:?
-File:Commons-logo.svgSource:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svgLicense:?Contributors:?Original
artist:?
-File:Timelapse-Basil-growing.ogaSource:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Timelapse-Basil-growing.ogvLi-
cense:CC BY 3.0 atContributors:http://www.openfootage.net/?p=386Original artist:http://www.openfootage.net/
-File:Xylocopa_pubescens_female_with_mite_1.JPGSource:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Xylocopa_
pubescens_female_with_mite_1.JPGLicense:CC BY 3.0Contributors:Own workOriginal artist:Gideon Pisanty (Gidip)
-File:Zhongwen.svgSource:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Zhongwen.svgLicense:Public domainContributors:
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