Batas-Pambansa-Bilang-232-CAMPO.pptx report on school legislative and finance

Useful for taking up School Legislative subject in Masters

1. BATAS PAMBANSA BLG. 232 AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF EDUCATION DIAREN C. CAMPO MAED-AS

2. CHAPTER 1 Preliminary Matters I. GENERAL PROVISIONS

3. Section 1 Title  - This Act shall be known as the " Education Act of 1982 .“ Section 2 Coverage  - This Act governs formal and non-formal education in all public and private schools at every level.

4. CHAPTER 2 Declaration of Basic State Policy and Objectives

5. Section 3 Declaration of Basic Policy   - It is the policy of the State to established and maintain a complete, adequate and integrated system of education relevant to the goals of national development. The government will ensure the educational system contributes to: Accelerating economic development and social progress. Maximum participation of all people in growth benefits. Strengthening national unity and promoting cultural, moral, and spiritual values.

6. The State shall uphold the right of every individual to quality education, regardless of: Sex Age Creed Socio-economic status Physical or mental conditions Racial or ethnic background Political affiliation

7. The State will ensure: Equal access to education for all citizens. Enjoyment of the benefits of education for all citizens. The State shall promote the right of the nation's cultural communities to: Develop themselves within the context of their cultures, customs, traditions, interests, and beliefs. The State recognizes education as a tool for: Maximizing their participation in national development. Ensuring their involvement in achieving national unity.

8. Section 4 Declaration of Objectives   - The educational system aims to: Provide broad general education to help individuals: Reach their full potential. Enhance individual and group participation in society. Build a foundation for becoming productive citizens. Train the workforce in middle-level skills for national development. Develop professions that lead in advancing knowledge to improve human life. Adapt to the nation’s changing needs through effective educational planning and evaluation.

9. To achieve these objectives, all educational institutions shall: Instill love of country, teach citizenship duties, and develop moral character, personal discipline, and vocational efficiency. Reach out to educationally deprived communities to enhance their civic participation and unify all Filipinos into a free and just nation.

10. CHAPTER 1 Preliminary Provisions II. THE EDUCATIONAL COMMUNITY

11. Section 5   Declaration of Policy and Objectives   - The government promotes collaboration within the educational community and other sectors to achieve educational goals. The State shall: Support parents’ role in educating their children. Protect students’ rights and foster positive school relationships. Improve the socio-economic status, rights, and working conditions of school personnel. Support institutions that assist parents, students, and school personnel in achieving educational objectives.

12. Section 6 Definition and Coverage   - "Educational community" refers to individuals or groups associated with institutions that facilitate organized teaching and learning systems. The members and components of the educational community include: Parents or guardians : Responsible for the pupil or student, or heads of institutions or foster homes with custody of learners. Students: Those enrolled in and regularly attending secondary or higher-level institutions, engaged in formal study.

13. School personnel: All individuals working for an educational institution, including: Teaching/Academic Staff : Individuals engaged in teaching or research, full-time or part-time, at all educational levels. School Administrators: Individuals in policy-implementing positions related to school functions at all levels.

14. d. Academic Non-Teaching Personnel: Individuals with academic qualifications performing supportive functions for teaching, such as: Registrars Librarians Research assistants Research aides e. Non-Academic Personnel: All school staff not classified as teaching, academic, or academic non-teaching personnel. Schools: Institutions recognized by the State that conduct educational operations.

15. Section 7 Community Participation - Every educational institution shall establish appropriate bodies for the educational community to discuss relevant issues and share information. Representatives from each subgroup will participate in these bodies, with rules and procedures approved by the members and published.

16. CHAPTER 2 Rights

17. Section 8 Rights of Parents   - In addition to existing rights, parents of enrolled children have the following rights: Right to Organize : To collaborate with teachers to discuss school programs and ensure cooperation in their implementation. Right to Access Records : To access any official records directly related to their children.

18. Section 9   Right of Students in School   - Students and pupils in all schools have the following rights, subject to legal limitations: Receive Quality Education: Access relevant instruction that fosters their full development and human dignity. Choose Field of Study: Select their field of study within existing curricula and continue until graduation, barring academic deficiencies or disciplinary violations. Guidance and Counseling: Access to support for career decisions and selecting suitable fields of work. Access to Records: Right to view their own school records, which must be kept confidential.

19. Official Documents: Receive certificates, diplomas, transcripts, and other documents within thirty days of request. Publish Student Media: Right to publish a student newspaper and invite speakers for assemblies and similar activities. Free Expression: Right to express opinions and suggestions and communicate effectively with academic and administrative bodies. Form Organizations: Right to establish, join, and participate in recognized organizations for intellectual, cultural, spiritual, and physical growth, or to create lawful groups. Freedom from Involuntary Contributions: Right to be free from mandatory contributions unless approved by their own organizations.

20. Section 10 Rights of all School Personnel   - School personnel have the following rights: Free Expression: Right to express opinions and suggestions and communicate effectively with academic and administrative bodies. Free Legal Services: Public school personnel can seek legal help from the government, while private school personnel can obtain it through their school authorities when facing professional charges. Form Labor Organizations: Right to establish, join, and maintain labor or professional organizations to promote their welfare and defend their interests. Freedom from Involuntary Contributions: Right to be free from mandatory contributions unless imposed by their own organizations.

21. Section 11   Special Rights and/or Privileges of Teaching or Academic Staff   - Teaching or academic staff have the following rights: No Unrelated Assignments: Right to refuse non-duty assignments unless compensated according to law. Intellectual Property: Right to intellectual property as per applicable laws. Person in Authority: Teachers are considered persons in authority when performing lawful duties and deserve due respect and protection. Career Advancement: Right to choose alternative career paths, such as school administration or classroom teaching, for career growth.

22. Section 12 Special Rights of School Administration   - School administrators have the discretion, per laws and regulations, to perform their functions efficiently. As persons in authority, they are entitled to due respect and protection while fulfilling their duties. Section 13 Rights of Schools   - Schools have the following rights: Governance: The right of governing boards to ensure proper governance and implement management systems. Academic Autonomy: Higher education institutions can decide who to admit, who may teach, and what subjects to offer for study and research.

23. CHAPTER 3 Duties and Obligations

24. Section 14   Duties of Parents - In addition to existing laws, parents have the duty to: Support Educational Objectives: Individually or collectively, assist in achieving educational goals in line with national objectives through school systems. Ensure Education: Enable children to obtain elementary education and strive for secondary and higher education for their proper development. Cooperate with Schools: Collaborate with schools in implementing curricular and co-curricular programs.

25. Section 15 Duties and Responsibilities of Students   - In addition to existing laws, every student shall: Develop Potential: Strive to reach individual potential through tailored education, becoming an asset to family and society. Uphold Integrity: Maintain academic integrity, pursue excellence, and follow rules governing academic and moral responsibilities. Promote Peace: Maintain school peace and discipline while fostering good relationships with students and staff. Civic Engagement: Actively participate in civic affairs and contribute to the social, economic, and cultural development of the community. Responsible Rights Exercise: Exercise rights responsibly, knowing accountability for any infringement of public welfare and others' rights.

26. Section 16   Teacher's Obligations   - Every teacher shall: Duty Fulfillment: Carry out responsibilities in line with the school’s philosophy, goals, and objectives. Accountability: Ensure the efficient achievement of learning objectives in support of national development goals, within available resources. Performance Reporting: Provide regular performance reports for each student to the student and their parents or guardians, including specific suggestions for improvement.

27. Professional Growth: Take responsibility for ongoing professional development and maintain professionalism at all times. Fair Assessment: Avoid penalizing students' grades for behaviors that do not reflect poor scholarship. Agent of Change: Engage in promoting social, economic, moral, intellectual, cultural, and political change in school and community, aligned with national policies.

28. Section 17 School Administrators' Obligations   - Every school administrator shall: Duty Fulfillment: Perform responsibilities in line with the school’s philosophy, goals, and objectives. Accountability: Ensure efficient and effective administration and management of the school. Healthy Atmosphere: Foster a healthy school environment that promotes academic freedom, effective teaching, and harmonious relationships among personnel.

29. Professional Conduct: Uphold professionalism in interactions with students, staff, and parents. Performance Feedback: Provide thorough performance reports to staff, highlighting areas for improvement. Equitable Disciplinary Action: Ensure due process, fairness, and consistency in disciplining teachers and personnel. Record Maintenance: Keep accurate records and submit necessary reports to the Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports.

30. Section 18 Obligations of Academic Non-Teaching Personnel   - Academic non-teaching personnel shall: Professional Conduct: Maintain professionalism in interactions with students, staff, and parents. Performance Feedback: Provide performance reports to staff with improvement suggestions. Fair Disciplinary Action: Apply due process and consistency in discipline. Record Keeping: Maintain records and submit required reports to the Ministry.

31. CHAPTER 1 Formal Education III. THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS

32. Section 19 Declaration of Policy - The State acknowledges that formal education is the primary learning system in society and the key instrument for achieving the country's educational goals and objectives. Section 20 Definition  - Formal Education is structured learning from the school system, requiring certification for progression through grades. It includes: Elementary Education: The first stage of compulsory education, covering six or seven grades and including preschool programs. Secondary Education: Follows elementary education, focusing on basic education and employable skills, typically over four years of high school. Tertiary Education: Higher education beyond secondary schooling, leading to a degree in a specific field.

33. Section 21 Objectives of Elementary Education   - The objectives of elementary education are: Personal Development: Provide essential knowledge and develop skills, attitudes, and values for personal growth and active participation in a changing society. Section 22 Objectives of Secondary Education - The objectives of secondary education are: Promote Elementary Education: Continue promoting the objectives of elementary education. Enhance Student Aptitudes: Discover and develop students' aptitudes and interests to equip them with skills for productive endeavors or prepare them for tertiary schooling.

34. Section 23 Objective of Tertiary Education - The objectives of tertiary education are: Promote National Identity: Provide a general education program that fosters national identity, cultural awareness, moral integrity, and spiritual vigor. Manpower Training: Train the nation’s workforce in skills essential for national development. Professional Development: Cultivate professions that will provide leadership for the nation. Advance Knowledge: Promote research to enhance knowledge and apply it to improve human life and meet changing societal needs.

35. CHAPTER 2 Non-Education and Specialized Educational Services

36. Section 24 Specialized Educational Service   - The State acknowledges its responsibility to provide services within the formal education system to address the special needs of certain groups. These services, guided by the basic policies outlined in the General Provisions of this Act, include: Work Education or Practical Arts aims to develop positive work attitudes. It includes technical-vocational education, offering post-secondary, non-degree programs that lead to certificates for middle-level occupations. Special Education caters to individuals who are physically, mentally, emotionally, socially, or culturally different, requiring modified school practices to reach their full potential.

37. 3. Non-formal Education refers to organized educational activities conducted by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports and other agencies, targeting specific learning objectives for particular groups, such as the illiterate and out-of-school youth and adults. Objectives of Non-formal Education: Eradicate Illiteracy: Increase functional literacy among the population. Vocational Skills: Provide unemployed and underemployed youth and adults with vocational/technical skills for productivity. Values Development: Foster proper values and attitudes necessary for personal, community, and national development.

38. CHAPTER 3 Establishment of Schools

39. Section 25 Establishment of Schools   - All schools must be established legally. New national schools and conversions to secondary or tertiary institutions require approval. Private schools must incorporate as non-stock educational corporations, except family-administered preschools. Government assistance for educational programs must be used exclusively for that purpose. Section 26 Definition of Terms  - The terms used in this Chapter are defined as follows: Schools: Institutions of learning or educational entities. Public Schools: Educational institutions established and administered by the government. Private Schools: Educational institutions maintained and administered by private individuals or groups.

40. Section 27 Recognition of Schools  - The educational operations of schools require prior government authorization and recognition. For government-operated schools (local, regional, or national), recognition of educational programs and operations is granted upon establishment. In other cases, the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports shall establish and enforce rules and regulations for recognition, defining qualifications for applicants, implementing a permit system, and outlining conditions for granting, canceling, or withdrawing recognition, along with related matters.

41. Section 28 Effects of Recognition; Punishable Violations   - The issuance of a certificate of recognition to a school shall have the following effects: It converts the temporary permit into permanent authority to operate. It entitles the school or college to award certificates, titles, or diplomas to students who complete the recognized course. It entitles students who graduate from the recognized course to the same benefits and privileges enjoyed by graduates of similar courses in all government-recognized schools. Operating schools and educational programs without authorization or in violation of recognition terms is considered a punishable offense, subject to penalties outlined in this Act.

42. Section 29 Voluntary Accreditation   - The Ministry shall promote voluntary accreditation programs for institutions seeking to exceed the minimum quality standards required for State recognition.

43. CHAPTER 4 Internal Organization of Schools

44. Section 30 Organization of Schools   - Each school shall establish an internal organization to manage its academic and administrative functions within legal limits and ensure peaceful resolution of disputes within the educational community. Section 31 Governing Board   - Every government college, university, and private school must have a governing board in accordance with its charter or the Corporation Code of the Philippines.

45. Section 32 Personnel Transactions   - Personnel employment in government schools shall be governed by Civil Service and compensation laws. In private schools, disputes related to employer-employee relations fall under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Labor and Employment. Due to the special employment status of teaching and non-teaching personnel, standards set by both the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports, and the Ministry of Labor and Employment shall apply. Private schools must also establish a system for prompt and orderly dispute resolution in accordance with Articles 262 and 263 of the Labor Code.

46. CHAPTER 5 School Finance and Assistance

47. Section 33 Declaration of Policy   - The State policy supports educational programs aligned with constitutional goals. The government shall: Broaden access to education through financial assistance and incentives for schools, teachers, and students. Encourage private support for education through fiscal and other assistance measures.

48. A. FUNDING OF REPUBLIC SCHOOLS Section 34 National Funds   - Public schools will continue to be funded from national funds. Local governments are encouraged to operate local public schools with national fund participation and adequate revenue sources assigned by the national government. Section 35   Financial Aid Assistance to Public Secondary Schools   - The national government will provide financial aid and assistance to public secondary schools maintained by local governments, including barangay high schools.

49. Section 36 Share of Local Government   - Provinces, cities and municipalities and barangays shall appropriate funds in their annual budgets for the operation and maintenance of public secondary schools on the basis of national fund participation. Section 37 Special Education Fund  - The proceeds of the Special Education Fund accruing to local governments shall be used exclusively for the purposes enumerated in Section 1 of Republic Act No. 5447, and in accordance with rules and regulations issued by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports and the Ministry of the Budget. Said proceeds shall be considered a local fund and shall be subject to Presidential Decrees No. 477, Presidential Decree No. 1375 and other applicable local budget laws and regulations

50. Section 38 Tuition and other School Fees   - Secondary and post-secondary schools may charge tuition and other school fees, in order to improve facilities or to accommodate more students. Section 39 Income from other Sources   - Government-supported educational institution may receive grants, legacies, donations and gifts for purposes allowed by existing laws.

51. Furthermore, income generated from production activities and from auxiliary enterprises may be retained and used for schools concerned in accordance with rules and regulations jointly issued consistently with pertinent appropriation and budgetary laws by the Ministry of the Budget, the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports and the Commission on Audit.

52. B. FUNDING OF PRIVATE SCHOOLS Section 40 Funding of Private Schools   - Private schools may be funded through capital investment or equity contributions, tuition fees and other charges, grants, loans, subsidies, passive investment income, and other sources of revenue. Section 41 Government Assistance   - The government, recognizing the complementary role of private schools in the educational system, may provide aid to their programs through grants, scholarships, or loans from government financial institutions, provided these programs meet defined educational requirements and standards and contribute to national development goals.

53. Section 42 Tuition and Other Fees   - Each private school shall determine its rate of tuition and other school fees or charges. The rates and charges adopted by schools pursuant to this provision shall be collectible, and their application or use authorized, subject to rules and regulations promulgated by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports. Section 43 Income from Other Sources   - Any private school duly recognized by the government, may receive any grant and legacy, donation, gift, bequest or devise from any individual, institution, corporation, foundation, trust of philanthropic organization, or research institution or organization as may be authorized by law.

54. Private schools are authorized to engage in auxiliary enterprises to generate income, primarily to fund their educational operations and/or reduce the need for increasing student fees. Section 44 Institutional Funds   - Proceeds from tuition fees, school charges, and other income shall be treated as institutional funds. Schools may pool these funds, in whole or in part, under joint management to generate additional financial resources.

55. C. INCENTIVES TO EDUCATION Section 45 Declaration of Policy – The State, in pursuit of national education development goals, aims to provide an incentive program to encourage community participation in the development of the educational sector. Section 46 Relating to School Property – Real property, including land, buildings, and improvements used exclusively for educational purposes, shall be subject to real property tax based on an assessment of 15% of the market value. All proceeds from this tax shall go to a special private education fund, managed and disbursed by a local private entity.

56. Section 47 Relating to Gifts or Donations to Schools   - Gifts to government-recognized schools for improving facilities are tax-exempt, provided they don’t benefit school officers or owners and are not used for salaries, except for faculty support. Section 48 Relating to Earnings from Established Scholarship Funds   - Earnings from investments in government-recognized school scholarship funds, used for additional scholarships, are tax-exempt until the fund is liquidated; thereafter, the remaining balance is taxable.

57. Section 49 School Dispersal Program   - Gains from the sale or transfer of property by a duly established private school, college, or university under a government-approved dispersal program are tax-exempt if the proceeds are reinvested in a new or existing school at the dispersal site within one year. Otherwise, all taxes on the gains become immediately due. Section 50 Conversion to Educational Foundations   - An educational institution may transform into a non-stock, non-profit educational foundation in accordance with the implementing rules issued jointly by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports and the Ministry of Finance.

58. If a stock corporation's corporate existence as an educational institution ceases and is not renewed, its net assets after liability liquidation may be transferred to a non-profit educational institution, its successor, or used as determined by the court to fulfill the original purposes of the dissolved organization, or to the State.

59. D. ASSISTANCE TO STUDENTS Section 51 Government Assistance to Students   - The government will provide financial assistance to disadvantaged students through State scholarships, grants-in-aid, Educational Loan Fund assistance, or subsidized tuition in State colleges and universities, including reserve quotas for academically qualified students from national cultural communities. Section 52 Grant of Scholarship Pursuant to Existing Laws   - Educational institutions are encouraged to grant scholarships to students in accordance with existing laws and any future scholarship measures provided by law.

60. Section 53 Assistance from the Private Sector   - The private sector, particularly educational institutions, businesses, and industries, is encouraged to provide financial assistance to students, especially those conducting research in science and technology or engaging in projects vital to national development.

61. CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS IV. THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, CULTURE AND SPORTS

62. Section 54 Declaration of Policy   - The Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports is responsible for administering the education system and supervising educational institutions, as per the Constitution, without affecting the charters of state colleges and universities. Section 55 Organization  - The Ministry shall be headed by the Minister of Education, Culture and Sports who shall be assisted by one or more Deputy Ministers.

63. The organization of the Ministry shall include: Ministry Proper: Office of the Minister and Ministry Services Board of Higher Education Bureaus: Elementary Education Secondary Education Higher Education Technical and Vocational Education Continuing Education

64. Regional and Field Offices National Scholarship Center and other established agencies Cultural Agencies: National Library National Historical Institute National Museum Institute of National Language’ These offices will be organized and staffed with the President's approval, based on the Minister's recommendation and consultation with the Presidential Commission on Reorganization.

65. Section 56 The National Board of Education is abolished, and its appropriations, personnel, records, and equipment are transferred to the Office of the Minister of Education, Culture and Sports. Section 57 Functions and Powers of the Ministry   - The Ministry shall: Formulate general education objectives and policies, and adopt long-range educational plans. Plan, develop, and implement educational and cultural programs and projects.

66. Promulgate rules and regulations for the administration and regulation of the educational system. Set general objectives for the school system. Coordinate activities of the school system and cultural agencies. Collaborate with agencies focused on the educational and cultural development of national cultural communities. Recommend and study proposed legislation.

67. Section 58 Report to the Batasang Pambansa - The Minister of Education, Culture and Sports shall submit an annual report to the Batasang Pambansa on the implementation of the national basic education plan, the status of education programs, appropriations and expenditures, regional education impact, enrollment growth, adequacy of facilities, concentration of low-income groups, and supply of teaching and non-teaching personnel, along with comments and recommendations, 30 days before the regular session opens.

68. CHAPTER 2 BOARD OF HIGHER EDUCATION

69. Section 59 Declaration of Policy   - Higher education aims to improve the quality of education, develop middle and high-level manpower, and enhance research and extension services. Its main focus is to achieve equity, efficiency, and high quality in both public and private institutions, ensuring a comprehensive range of programs that address national and regional development needs.

70. Section 60 Organization of the Board of Higher Education   - The Board of Higher Education is reconstituted as an advisory body to the Minister of Education, Culture and Sports, consisting of a Deputy Minister as Chairman and four members appointed by the President on the Minister's nomination, serving four-year terms. Members must have distinguished themselves in higher education. Initial terms will vary from one to four years. The Director of the Bureau of Higher Education will participate without a vote, and the Bureau will provide support and may create technical panels as needed.

71. Section 61 Function of the Board of Higher Education - The Board shall: Recommend policies for planning and managing the integrated higher education system and its ongoing evaluation. Suggest improvements for the governance of higher education at national and regional levels. Assist the Minister in recommending resource generation and allocation for higher education.

72. CHAPTER 3 THE BUREAUS

73. Section 62 Bureau of Elementary Education   - The Bureau shall perform the following functions: Conduct studies and develop programs and educational standards for elementary education. Prepare studies for prototype curricular designs, instructional materials, and teacher training programs for elementary education. Formulate guidelines to enhance elementary school facilities, equipment, and overall management.

74. Section 63 Bureau of Secondary Education   - The Bureau shall perform the following functions: Conduct studies and develop programs and educational standards for secondary education. Create curricular designs, prepare instructional materials, and evaluate programs to enhance the quality of teaching and non-teaching staff at the secondary level. Formulate guidelines to improve secondary school facilities, equipment, and overall management.

75. Section 64 Bureau of Technical and Vocational Education - The Bureau shall perform the following: Collaborate with other agencies to formulate manpower plans. Conduct studies and develop post-secondary vocational-technical programs, recommending educational standards. Develop curricular designs and instructional materials, evaluate programs to improve teaching and non-teaching staff quality, and formulate guidelines to enhance facilities and equipment in post-secondary vocational-technical schools.

76. Section 65 Bureau of Higher Education   - The Bureau of higher Education shall perform the following functions: Develop and evaluate programs, projects, and educational standards for higher education. Assist the Board of Higher Education in policy formulation and advisory functions. Provide technical assistance for institutional development programs and projects. Compile, analyze, and evaluate data on higher education. Perform other legally mandated functions.

77. Section 66 Bureau of Continuing Education   - As the primary implementing arm of the Ministry's non-formal education programs, the Bureau shall provide learning activities that: Address the learning needs of those unable to access formal education. Offer opportunities to acquire skills that enhance employability, efficiency, productivity, and competitiveness in the labor market. Expand access to educational opportunities for citizens of diverse interests, demographics, and socio-economic backgrounds.

78. CHAPTER 4 REGIONAL OFFICES

79. Section 67 Functions  - A regional office shall: Formulate a regional education plan based on the Ministry's national plan, considering the region's specific needs and traditions. Implement education laws, policies, plans, programs, and regulations in the region. Provide economical, efficient, and effective education services to the local population.

80. CHAPTER 1 PENAL ADMINISTRATIVE SANCTIONS V. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

81. Section 68 Penalty Clause   - Any person convicted of violating Section 28, Chapter 3, Title III shall face a fine of at least two thousand pesos (P2,000.00) and up to ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00), imprisonment for up to two years, or both, at the court's discretion. If the offense is committed by a school corporation, the school head and those responsible will be equally liable. Section 69   Administrative Sanction   - The Minister of Education, Culture and Sports may impose administrative sanctions deemed reasonable and appropriate in the implementing rules for the following causes: Mismanagement of school operations. Gross inefficiency of teaching or non-teaching personnel.

82. Fraud or deceit in connection with the application for a Ministry permit or recognition. Failure to comply with conditions or obligations prescribed by this Code or its implementing rules. Unauthorized operation of a school or course, or violations of advertising requirements for educational institutions. Sanctions against schools shall not prejudice the interests of students, teachers, and employees.

83. CHAPTER 2 ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS

84. Section 70 Rule-making Authority - The Minister of Education, Culture and Sports, responsible for administering and enforcing this Act, shall promulgate the necessary implementing rules and regulations. Section 71 Separability Provision- If any part or provision of this Act is held invalid or unconstitutional, the remaining parts or provisions shall not be affected. .

85. Section 72 Repealing Clause   - All laws or parts thereof that are inconsistent with any provision of this Act shall be repealed or modified accordingly. Section 73 Effectivity  - This Act shall take effect upon its approval. Approved, September 11, 1982.