Behavior Learning theories.pptx

Behavior Learning theories

1. NAVODAYA DENTAL COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF PEDODONTICS STAFF NAME – Dr VINOD KUMAR Professor and Head of department TOPIC NAME – Behaviour learning theories

2. A. Classical conditioning: Russian physiologist and scientist Ivan P. Pavlov developed the conditioning technique known as ‘Pavlovian’ conditioning’. He conducted much of his research on dogs, and example of classical conditioning can be found in many human behaviors. 1. Behavioral perspective

3. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.

4. BASIC ELEMENTS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Neutral stimulus: A stimulus that before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest. Unconditioned st i m ulus: A st i m ulus that natu r ally br i ngs about a particular response without having been learned. Unconditioned response: A response that is natural and needs no training.

5. BASIC ELEMENTS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Condit i oned st i m ulus: A neut r al st i m ulus that have been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formally caused only by the unconditioned stimulus. Condit i oned re s ponse: A re sponse tha t , after condi t ioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus.

6. Experiment based on classical conditioning

7. Unconditioned Conditioned

8. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Exti n ction: A bas i c pheno m enon of l ea r ning that occu r s when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequently and eventually disappears. Spontaneous recovery: The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning.

9. stimulus generalization the tendency to respond to the stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus with conditioned response EXAMPLE : A child who had a painful experience with a doctor in a white coat always associates any doctor in white coat with pain

10. stimulus discrimination EXAMPLE : if a child is exposed to clinical settings which are different to those associated with the painful experiences, the child learns to discriminate between the two clinics The tendency to stop making a generalised response to a stimulus

11. Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990) pioneer of the operant conditioning. S k in n er de v elo p ed a “be h a vio r al t echnol o g y “t hat enabled him t o t each pigeon, animals, and human a desired behavior. “ A ll w e nee d t o k n o w i n o r de r t o describe and explain behavior is this: act i o n s f oll o w ed b y g o o d o u t c omes a r e likely to recur , and actions followed by bad outcomes are less likely to recur.” (Skinner, 1953)

12. B. Operant conditioning : It is derived from the word ‘operate’. Skinner used the term operant to refer to any "active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences" (1953). Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior.

13. Key Terms: Operant Conditioning Learning through voluntary behavior and its subsequent consequences; reinforcement increases behavioral tendencies, whereas punishment decreases them. Reinforcement Strengthens a response and makes it more likely to recur. Punishment Weakens a response and makes it less likely to recur.

14. Shaping Reinforcement Positive r e i n f o rc e ment Negative r e i n f o rc e ment Ext i nct i on Pun i sh m e n t

15. Reinforcement Procedure that: increases the likelihood that the response will occur & strengthen behavior It is the application or removal of a stimulus to increase the strength of a specific behavior. There are two types of reinforcement: Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement

16. Positive reinforcement ▶ It strengthens responses that precede occurrence of stimulus. ▶ It involves the impact of positive reinforces. ▶ Positive reinforces - event or stimuli that increases the probability that the responses will occur again in the future.

17. application in dentistry a child rewarded for good behaviour following dental treatment

18. Negative Reinforcement ▶ It strengthens responses that permit the escape or avoidance of stimulus. ▶ It involves the impact of negative reinforcers. ▶ Negative reinforcers- event or stimuli that strengthens responses that lead to their termination or avoidance.

19. application in dentistry

20. Pu n is h me n t ▶ A punishment has the opposite affect, decreasing the likelihood, or rate of responding to a target response. ▶ Punishment, when appropriately used, can be a valuable tool for discouraging inappropriate behavior. ▶ Punishment is also positive and negative.

21. Extinction Extinction refers to the systematic withholding of the reinforcers which had previously maintained a behavior. Ignoring a behavior is an example of extinction if that behavior has been maintained by the attention of the person doing the ignoring.

22. Hierarchy of needs - Maslow 1954 From the bottom of the hierarchy upwards, the needs are: physiological (food and clothing), safety (job security), love and belonging needs (friendship), esteem, and self-actualization. Needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before individuals can attend to needs higher up.

23. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY- BANDURA 1963 Social learning theory is thoyght to be the most complete, clinically useful and theoretically a sophisticated form of behaviour therapy

24. modeling learning through observation eliminates trial and error search. 1. live models - siblings, parents of child 2. filmed models 3.posters 4. audiovisual aids modeling can be done by

25. DENTAL APPLICATION children are capable of acquiring almost any behaviour that they observe too closely and are not complex for them to perform at the level of physical development. If a young child observes an older sibling undergoing dental treatment without complaint,he/she is likely to imitate this behaviour