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1. UNIT –1
INTRODUCTION TO
VALUES

2. According to its verbal meaning value signifies that quality of an individual or thing which makes that
individual or thing important, respectable and useful.
Values means something that is precious, dear, worthwhile, valuable and estimable and hence worthy
of possession. Value is a standard.
A value may be described as an emotional attitude, which motivates a person directly or indirectly to
act in the most desirable way preferred by him or her.
Values are defined as ‘beliefs upon which man acts by preferences’.
The Oxford Dictionary defines value as something of great worth or importance or standard or principle
that is valuable in life. Values are the guiding principles of life which are conducive to all round
development. They give direction and firmness to life and bring joy, satisfaction and peace to life. They
bring quality to life.
Thus “Value is something or anything which appeals us, satisfying our needs, whether it is material or
non-material, satisfaction and desirability are common elements in it.” Values regulate and guide
human behavior and action in our day to daily life. Values are embedded in every word we select and
speak, what we wear, ways in which we interact, our perceptions and interpretationof others reactions
in what we are say and soon.

3. MORALS
VALUES
ETHICS

4. Morals, values, and ethics
They are related concepts that play a significant role in guiding human behavior and decisionmaking.
While they are often used interchangeably, they have distinct meanings:
1.Morals -Morals are principles or rules that govern an individual's understanding of right and wrong.
They are often influenced by cultural, religious, and societal norms and can vary significantly between
different societies and communities. Morals are personal beliefs about what is acceptable behavior and
what is not. Example: Honesty: A person believes it is wrong to lie, even if the truth is inconvenient.
Kindness: Someone may feel it is morally right to help those in need, like giving food to the homeless.
2.Values -Values are deeply held beliefs that influence an individual's choices and actions. They are the
core principles that guide a person's behavior and decision-making. Values can include concepts like
honesty, loyalty, compassion, and fairness. Unlike morals, which are more prescriptive, values are more
about personal priorities and what individuals find important in life. Example: Family: A person values
family and prioritizes spending time with loved ones. Ambition: An individual values career success and
works hard to achieve professional goals.

5. 3. Ethics -Ethics refers to the systematized set of principles and guidelines that help individuals and groups determine
what is right and wrong in specific situations. Ethics often come into play in professional and organizational contexts,
where they provide a framework for conduct. Ethical principles can be more objective and universal compared to
morals, as they aim to establish standards of behavior that can be applied consistently. Example: Medical Ethics: A
doctor follows the principle of "do no harm" and obtains informed consent from patients before treatment. Business
Ethics: A company avoids deceptive advertising and adheres to truthful communication with consumers.
Key Differences and Interconnections Morals are more personal and subjective, often based on individual or cultural
beliefs. Values are broader and encompass what individuals find important and prioritize in life. Ethics are more
formalized and systematic, providing a set of guidelines for behavior in specific contexts, such as professional or
organizational settings. While these concepts are distinct, they are interconnected and often overlap. For example, an
individual's morals and values can influence their ethical beliefs and decisions. Understanding the nuances between
them can help clarify how people make choices and navigate complex situations in personal and professional life.

6. Generally, value refers to the 'desirable'. It is difficult, however to define what is
desirable, what kind of things/actions are good. What is desirable today may not be a
desirable tomorrow and what is desirable here may not desirable elsewhere. Desirable is
when our actions promote the general good in terms of the norms and ideals of a
particular society and in terms of the consequences of our practices and action.
It inculcates universal and ethical values such as compassion, courage, honesty,
tolerance and truthfulness.
Animals live by instinct; they are driven by instinctive forces and are not answerable to
their acts. These instincts drive them to find food, shelter, and to procreate. Human
beings are gifted with an intellect that helps them reason about the right course of
action especially in moral aspects.
An individual organizes his values in a hierarchical way because they differ in their
importance to him. Human needs and social demands determine the values of a person
apart from his cultural background. It is also said that ‘Values are global in nature and
culture specific’.

7. Continuee….
The process of acquiring values begins at birth. That is, primarily values are learned at home but in due
course they will change according their experience. Values differ from generation to generation. Different
regions may have different values and different cultures have different values. Values changes over time
within the same society. They are influenced by the changing needs and present situations of the society.
Therefore culture has a strong influence on the values.
Education is not merely acquiring knowledge, gathering and correlating facts, it is to see the significance
of life as a whole. Education means self-culture and self-improvement. This is the perennial source of
illumination of various walks of life. Education is to be perceived as an outcome but as an experience in
itself, which will enable student to live safe, healthy and fruitful life and become responsible citizens who
make positive contributions to the society.
Value education aims at transforming a mind into healthy, innocent, natural and attentive, capable of
higher levels of sensitivity and perception. It develops moral, spiritual, aesthetic and social values in a
person. It teaches to preserve whatever is good and worthwhile in the culture we inherited. It helps us
accept and respect the attitudes and behavioursof those who differ from us.

8. The attitudes and values of hard work, discipline, cooperation, communication skills etc. enable them to
develop healthy interpersonal relationships at home and in school which in turn facilitate their better
adjustment on the job.
At the individual level, fostering values in school students therefore needs to be seen as an investment in
building the foundation for lifelong learning and promoting human excellence. The capacity to listen
patience, endurance, cooperation, team work, positive attitude towards study, work and life are the
hallmarks of a good student or a person. So values, in fact, promote both academic as well as human
excellence. In this sense education for values humanizes education
Only a value based education can give our youth the altruistic and benevolent sense of living for others.
We all want to live fulfilling lives. We want to be happy and make others happy. We used to pick up
values, i.e., what is important in life, what is right and what is wrong, what to do and what not to as a
human being to live a fulfilling life. The day-to-day interactions in the family, in community and society in
general used to help us develop our values. Today, all these institutions have been severely compromised.
Now-a-days, we tend to pick up our values from sources like social media. In the time being, educational
institutions can play a vital role in providing a comprehensive understanding of human values by
developing a holistic, humane world-vision which is in the interest of living a fulfilling life.

9. Value education deals with something that is universally valuable to all of us, that is conducive to our individual
and collective happiness and prosperity.
Each one of us aspires to live a fulfilling life. We have our own visions of a fulfilling life.
It may include earning lots of money,
•gaining power,
•attaining recognition,
•touring the world,
•having a loving family,
•ensuring harmonious relationships inside and outside the family,
•maintaining a healthy body, and so on.
At the same time, we expect the environment to be pollution free, society to be peaceful, free of crimes and an
abundance of natural resources. Student life is expected to be the preparation for such a life. Now, it remains to
be seen whether we really understand what a fulfilling life is. Can it be understood with definitiveness? without
being clear what we really want to be? Can it be understood through education? Can a formal course be a help
on such issues?

10. As a proposal, just suppose that these all are having.
• There is a feeling of happiness within you, all the time.
• Your body is in good health.
• You are able to have what you require in terms of physical facility and you have a feeling of prosperity,
all the time.
• You have good relations with everyone connected to you.
• There is peace and harmony in the society around you.
This is essentially what you have been aspiring for, regardless of whether you have been successful in
achieving it or not. Similarly, look back into your own actions and check whether you have been making
effort to achieve this or not.
Reflect on this at the individual as well as at the collective levels –at the level of your family, your
neighbourhood, your village/city, your country and so on.
Thus, you will see that this basic aspiration is common to all.you are not the only one who aspires for a
fulfilling life, but everyone else too. Now, if this happens to be a universal need for all human beings,
would there not be a common programmefor its fulfilment? To understand human values, there is need
for value education. We need to explore and understand things as they are; so that we are able to fulfil
our participation with them.

11. TYPES OF VALUES –
Values are sometimes classified according to the needs and demands of the society.
1.Personal Values are personal to an individual both in terms of their possession and their use. It is a desireand
cherished by the individual irrespective of his or her social relationship. Each and every individual like to imbibe
these values at their personal level. These values make a person good for himself. Examples: ambition, cleanliness,
discipline, honesty, loyalty, contentment, courage, creativity, determination, dignity of labour, diligence, excellence,
hope, maturity, regularity, punctuality, self-confidence, selfmotivation, simplicity, accomplishment, purity etc.
2.Social Values are certain behavioursand beliefs that are shared within specific cultures and social groups. These
values are cherished and practiced because of our association with others. It imposes the interaction of two or more
persons. Social values are always practisedin relation to our neighbours, community, society, nation and world.
These values are good for the society and form the basis of the relationship of an individual with other people in
society. Examples: courtesy, charity, civic duty, fairness, goodness, neighborliness, trust and truth, accountability,
brotherhood, dutifulness, forgiveness, freedom, friendship, gratitude, hospitality, justice, love, patience,
repentance, responsibility, service, sharing, sympathy, team spirit, tolerance etc.

12. 5. Cultural Values are the standards of what is acceptable or unacceptable, important or unimportant, right or
wrong in a community or society. It gives importance to preserve cultural practices, ceremonies, traditions and way
of life which might be threatened by the materialistic culture of modern times. They maintain the integrity of
language, behaviour, and traditional rites. Examples: hospitality, codes of conduct, social order, tolerance,
gentleness, non-violence, love etc.
6. Ethical Values are a set of moral principles that apply to a specific group of people, professional field or form of
human conduct and interaction. Ethics are based on the awareness that a human being is essentially spiritual and
intrinsically valuable. Ethical values respect human rights through self-restraint, non-aggression, integrity, justice
and honesty. A person with ethical values can be trusted and will be respected and revered. These values
presuppose moral courage and the power to act according to one’s moral convictions even at the risk of financial,
emotional or social security. These relate to our personal behaviourwith our fellow beings. Among these we
include values like honesty and truth etc. All moral values are also covered under ethical values.

13. 7. BehaviouralValues refer to all good manner that are needed to make our life successful and joyous. They are those
values which will express our conduct and behaviourin our daily life. Behaviouralvalues will adorn our life and spread
cordiality, friendliness, love all around. Example: cordiality, integrity, trustworthy, kindness, loyalty etc.
8. Instrumental Values are such values that are useful in deriving some other benefit through them such as economic
gain or an increase in status. Example: education, political power etc. A subject is said to have instrumental value when it
is pursued, not for its own sake, but for some ends beyond itself. Instrumental values include preparatory or introductory,
practical or utilitarian, socializing and conventional values.
9. Intrinsic Values are values which are judged well, not for something else, but in and of themselves. Intrinsic values are
such values that are pursued and possessed for their own sake. It refers to the value of an object has solely by virtue of
its ‘intrinsic properties’. Intrinsic values are said to be inherent in themselves. They are supposed to be invaluable in an
absolute sense. Examples: goodness, beauty, artistic expression, happiness, truth and bliss. They themselves are the ends
and not the means for achieving some other end.

14. 10. Aesthetic Values -Values which give us pleasure and happiness are known as aesthetic
values. Aesthetic values represent and seek to emulate the beauty of the Divine through the
arts. To intensify appreciation, to strain and alert every sensitivity to a full appreciation of a
value is to treat it as an aesthetic value. Things and activities which gives joys of beauty are
aesthetic values. Example: beauty, taste, architecture, calligraphy and literature.
11. Democratic Values -A person with democratic outlook is characterized by –respect for
individuality, equal treatment to all, irrespective of their sex, caste, language, religion,
colour, race, family status etc. ensuring equal social, political and religious rights to all,
impartiality and social justice and respect for the democratic institutions.

15. INTELLIGENCE
&
EMOTIONAL
INTELLIGENCE

22. Question:
Imagine you have been offered two job opportunities. The first job offers a high salary
and the chance to quickly advance your career, but it requires long hours and frequent
travel, leaving little time for personal life. The second job offers a lower salary but
provides a healthy work-life balance, with more time for family, hobbies, and personal
growth. Which job would you choose, and why?
Follow-up prompts to explore personal values:
•How do you prioritize work versus personal life?
•What role does financial security play in your decision-making?
•How important is career advancement to you compared to time for yourself or loved ones?
•Would your decision change if you were offered more flexibility in the higher-paying job?
This scenario can reveal values like work-life balance, financial security, personal
growth, and family vs. career priorities.

23. Question:
Imagine you are faced with a difficult life decision—whether to pursue a career that
aligns with your personal passions but offers little financial stability, or a secure
career that doesn't fulfill your sense of purpose. You seek guidance to make the right
choice. Where do you turn for guidance, and what factors influence your decision?
Follow-up prompts to explore spiritual values:
•Do you look for signs or guidance from a higher power or spiritual practice?
•How important is inner peace or a sense of purpose in your decision-making?
•Would you consider advice from religious or spiritual leaders in this situation?
•How do concepts like faith, destiny, or personal calling influence your choices?
This scenario explores spiritual values like faith, purpose, trust in a higher power,
and the role of spirituality in personal decision-making.

24. Question:
You are working for a company that discovers a flaw in one of its products. Fixing the
issue would be expensive and delay the product launch, but not addressing it could pose
a minor risk to customers. The company decides to move forward without fixing the
flaw, reasoning that the risk is small. How would you respond to this situation, and
what factors would guide your decision?
Follow-up prompts to explore ethical values:
•Would you prioritize the well-being of the customers or the success of the company?
•How do you balance loyalty to your employer with your personal sense of right and wrong?
•Would you feel compelled to speak up, even if it might affect your position at the company?
•Do you think transparency is important, even if it could harm the company’s reputation?
This scenario can reveal ethical values such as integrity, honesty, responsibility, and
loyalty.

25. Imagine you are part of a community organization working on a major decision about
how to allocate funding for a neighborhood project. Some members want to make a quick
decision through a vote, while others prefer a longer process of discussion and consensus-
building. How would you approach this situation, and what do you believe is the fairest
way to proceed?
Follow-up prompts to explore democratic values:
•Do you prioritize majority rule (voting) or consensus (unanimous agreement)?
•How important is it for everyone’s voice to be heard, even if it delays decision-making?
•How would you ensure that minority opinions are considered in the process?
•Do you think efficiency in decision-making is more important than inclusivity?
This scenario explores democratic values such as majority rule, inclusivity, fair
representation, and the balance between efficiency and participation.

26. Question:
Imagine you're part of a team working on a major project at your job. One of your
teammates suggests a new idea that could potentially change the direction of the
project. The idea is bold but comes with a high level of risk. How would you and your
team respond to this situation?
Follow-up prompts to explore values:
•How important is it for you to follow the original plan versus trying something new?
•Do you think it’s more important to prioritize the collective decision of the group or
allow the individual who proposed the idea to lead the charge?
•How would you balance the potential risks with the potential rewards?