bibliography and references

bibliography and references.
various kind of bibliography and references.
elements of bibliography and references.
sources of bibliography and references.

1. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERNCES PREPARED BY: Dhruvi patel FY MSC NURSING C.M.P.C.O.N

2. What is bibliography??? A bibliography is a orderly list of resources on a particular subject. A bibliography provide the full references information for all the sources which you may have consulted in preparing a particular project. The purpose of a bibliography is to allow the reader to trace the sources used.

3. Elements in bibliography Author Title of documentation Date ( year of publication) Place of publication Edition Periodicity ( volume/ issue/ part number) series

4. standard Citation Styles Used in a Bibliography There are various formats used in the creation of a bibliography such as the American Psychological Association (APA), Modern Language Association of America (MLA) and Chicago Manual of Style and Council of Biology Editors (CBE) The APA style of referencing is common in the papers written on topics of social science MLA style is used in field of humanities; and CBE is a popular citation style in the natural sciences.

5. Examples:- MLA For book Author Title of book Subtitle City of Publication Publisher, Year Amold, Francis, Greece, Texas Steck-Vaughn, 1902 APA Author's last name, first initial (Publication date) book title Additional information City of publication, Publishing company Allen, T. (1974) vanishing wildlife of North america Washington, DC: National Geographic Society.

6. Making a Bibliography For a Book Author(last name first). Title of the book, City: Publisher, Date of publication Example :- Godin, Seth. Purple cow: Transform your business by being Remarkable New York: Upper Saddle River,2002.

7. For an Encyclopedia Title , Edition Date Volume Number. Article Title page numbers Example:- The Encyclopedia Britain 1999 Volume 7. Gerillas pg. 51-55.

8. for a magazine Author (last name first), "Article Title Name of magazine. Volume n umber. (Date) page numbers Example :- Jordan, Jennifer Filing on the world. Museum of Science Magazine Volume 7 (winter1995)

9. For a Newspaper Author the same first, "Article Tale Name of newspaper, city of publication (date )if available, section, page numbers) Example:- Powers A New Trend The New York Times New York, NY Atlantic Region Section 2 pg 23

10. World Wide Web URI (Uniform Resource Locator or WWW address), author (or items name, if mentioned). Example:- http://www.TheHindu.com Today's news, August 1, 2012

11. Government Publications US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation Healthy buildings, Healthy People: A vision for the 21 Century October 2001.

12. References

13. What is reference?? The detailed description of the documentation from which you have obtained your information. Referencing is a way of demonstrating that you have done that reading.

14. Why do we need references?? To acknowledge other works. To allow other reader to find the original sources easily. To get recognition and authentication of the work. To make the work informative. To trace the intellectual development of the ideas you present.

15. Source of references Book Journal Newspaper/ magazine Conference paper/ proceedings Institutional/ government publication Electronic sources- website, CD-ROM, database theses/ report/ unpublished work etc.

16. Most people are not aware of the differences between bibliography and references. They often make the mistake that the two are same. However, they are different and used in different Most people a contexts in each essay, article, or book.

17. Bibliography is listing of all the materials that have been consulted while writing an article or a book. References, on the other hand, are those that have been referred to or referenced in your article or book . you might have consulted a lot of books, essays, and websites for writing something. Though you might have referred to these materials while preparing a rough draft, the contents of these may or may not have been included in the actual text. A list of all such materials is known as bibliography.

18. References are a list of those materials that are directly included in your actual text. While all the items in references are cited directly in the text, all the items of bibliography may not be cited directly in the text. While reference can be used to support your statement or argument or used to supplement your finding, a bibliography does not have such roles.

19. such references are used for establishing something in a more authoritative way. Reader could refer your references and evaluate the correctness of your statement. Meanwhile, a bibliography does not support your arguments directly as it is not cited, and the reader can not clearly establish where a particular item of the bibliography is referred to in your study.

20. A bibliography will contain all research materials, including books, magazines, periodicals, websites, and scientific papers, which you have referred. References contain source of material like quotes or texts, which has been actually used when writing an essay or book Both bibliography and references appear at the end of the book or article, but if both are available, bibliography comes after the reference list.

21. A bibliography may contain all the items that have appeared in the reference list, plus some additional works. Both bibliography and references are arranged alphabetically. But a reference list can also be arranged in numeric style, which means arranging the references chronologically accord- ing to the numbers in the text.

22. While writing a bibliography, you have to include the authors last and first name, year of publication, name of the book or journal, place of publication, and name of publishers. In case of websites, organizations as authors, or other such sources, additional information should be provided for the convenience of the readers. Therefore, to sum up, the differences between bibliography and references:

23. Bibliography is listing of all the materials that have been consulted while writing an article. essay, or book. References, on the other hand, are those that have been directly referred to or referenced in your article or book. Items of a bibliography are not directly included in the text. References are those that are directly cited in your actual text. Both bibliography and references are arranged alphabetically, but a reference list can also be arranged in numeric or Vancouver style.

24. VANCOUVER STYLE OF REFERENCE WRITING

25. The Vancouver Style, or Uniform Requirements Style, is based on an American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard adapted by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) for databases, such as Medline. It was developed in Vancouver in 1978 by editors of medical journals, who now meet annually as the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). Over 500 medical journals [including prestigious journals, such as British Medical Journal (BMJ), Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), and Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA)] use this style

26. Citation Within the Text Indicating the Relevant Reference in the Text

27. A number in superscript format, for example or enclosed in brackets (round or square), for example:- ( 1) or [26], placed in the text of the essay indicates the relevant reference. Citations are numbered consecutively in the order in which they appear in the text and each citation corresponds to a numbered reference containing publication information about the source in the reference list at the end of the publication, essay, or assignment.

28. Once a source has been cited, the same number is used for all subsequent references. No distinction is made between print and electronic sources of references when citing within the text. Here are some examples of this kind of referencing.

29. Superscript format The largest lesion in the first study was 10 cm,13 . The theory was first put forward in 1987. Scholtz has argued that... Several recent studies have suggested that...

30. Bracket format The largest lesion in the first study was 10 cm [13]. The theory was first put forward in 1987 (1). Scholtz (2) has argued that.... . Several recent studies [3,4,15,16] have suggested that...

31. Citation More than One Reference at a Time When citation more than one source at a time, the preferred method is to list each reference number separately with a comma or en-dash (without spaces) between each reference.

32. IMPORTANT ISSUES NUMBERING

33. Number : list all references in order by number, not alphabetically . Each reference is listed once only, since the same number is used throughout the paper . • Authors : List each author's last name and initials; full first names are not included as per this reference style. List all authors of a given publication, but if the number exceeds six, give the first six names followed by 'et al.' For books with chapters written by different. authors, list the authors of the chapter first, then the chapter title, followed by 'In:, the editors ' names, and the book title.

34. Book and chapter titles : Capitalize the first letter of the first word in the title. The rest of the title is in lower-case, with the exception of proper names. Do not underline the title; do not use italics. Journal citations : Provide the abbreviated journal title, period year, semicolon, volume, issue number in parentheses, colon, page range (elided to the minimum), and a period. For example: Brain Res. 2002;935(1-2):40-6.)

35. Pages : For journals, the entire page range of an article or chapter is given, not the specific page on which the information was found. For books, no page numbers are given, with two exceptions: the page number of a dictionary entry is included as well as the page range of a chapter within a multi author title

36. Format of Writing the Reference

37. 1. Books Only the first letter of the first word in the title of a book or conference should be capitalized except for proper nouns or acronyms. Capitalize the 'V in volume for a book title. Standard Format #. Author/editor AA. Title: subtitle. Edition (if not the first). Vol. (if a multivolume work). Place of publication: Publisher; Year. page number(s) (if appropriate).

38. Single author 1. Microscopic techniques in biotechnology. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2003. 2. Storey KB, editor. Functional metabolism: regulation and adaptation. Hoboken (NJ): J. 3. Wiley Storey KB, editor. Functional metabolism: regulation and adaptation. Hoboken (NJ): J. Wiley & Sons; 2004.

39. Two or more authors or editors Lawhead JB, Baker MC. Introduction to veterinary science. Clifton Park (NY): Thomson Delmar Learning; 2005. Gilstrap LC, Cunningham FG, Van Dorsten JP, editors. Operative obstetrics. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2002.

40. No author The Oxford concise medical dictionary. 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2003. p. 26. Multiple volumes Lee GR, Bithell TC, Foerster J, Athens JW, Lukens JN, editors. Wintrobes clinical hematology . 9th ed. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1993

41. Series Unwin E, Codde J P, Bartu A. The impact of drugs other than alcohol and tobacco on the health of Western Australians. Perth: Department of Health; 2004. Epidemiology occasional papers series, No. 20. Corporate author (i.e. a company or organization) American Veterinary Medical Association. National Board Examination Committee. North American Veterinary Licensing Examination: bulletin of information for candidates . Bismarck (ND): The Committee; 2001.

42. Conference (complete conference proceedings) Harnden P, Joffe JK, Jones WG, editors. Germ cell tumours V. Proceedings of the 5th Germ Cell Tumour conference; 2001 Sep 13-15; Leeds, UK. New York: Springer; 2002. Government publication Australia. Commonwealth Department of Veterans' Affairs and Defence. Australian Gulf War veterans' health study 2003. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia; 2003. .

43. Scientific/technical report Lugg DJ. Physiological adaptation and health of an expedition in Antarctica: with comment on behavioural adaptation. Canberra: A.G.P.S.; 1977. Australian Govern- ment Department of Science, Antarctic Division. ANARE scientific reports. Series B(4), Medical science No. 0126.

44. Thesis or Dissertation Borkowski MM. Infant sleep and feeding: a telephone survey of Hispanic Americans. PhD [dissertation]. Mount Pleasant (MI): Central Michigan University; 2002. Hincks CL. The detection and characterization of novel papillomaviruses. Biomedical Science, Honours [thesis]. Murdoch: Murdoch University; 2001. Patent/standard Pagedas AC, inventor; Ancel Surgical R&D Inc., assignee. Flexible endoscopic grasping and cutting device and positioning tool assembly. United States patent US 20020103498. 2002 Aug 1

45. II. Parts of a book Note Note: These examples are for chapters or parts of edited works in which the chapters or parts have individual title and author/s, but are included in collections or textbooks edited by others. If the editors of a work are also the authors of all of the included chapters then it should be cited as a whole book using the examples given above (books). Capitalize only the first word of a paper or book chapter.

46. Standard Format #. Author of Part, AA. Title of chapter or part. In: Editor A, Editor B, editors. Title: subtitle of Book. Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher; Year. Page numbers.

47. Article/chapter in a book Meltzer PS, Kallioniemi A, Trent JM. Chromosome alterations in human solid tumors. In: Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, editors. The genetic basis of human cancer. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2002. p. 93-113 . • Conference or seminar paper Christensen S, Oppacher F. An analysis of Koza's computational effort statistic for genetic programming. In: Foster JA, Lutton E, Miller J, Ryan C, Tettamanzi AG, editors. Genetic programming. EuroGP 2002: Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Genetic Programming; 2002, Apr 3-5; Kinsdale, Ireland. Berlin: Springer; 2002. p. 182-91.

48. III. Journal articles. Note : Capitalize only the first word of an article title, except for proper nouns or acronyms. List the first six authors followed by 'et al. The titles of journals should be abbreviated as they appear in the MEDLINE Journals Database. Volume, issue, and page numbers are given but not labeled. To indicate a page range, use elided ranges, for example 123-9, 126-34, or 111-222. If you refer to only one page, use only 111.

49. Standard Format #. Author of article AA, Author of article BB, Author of article CC. Title of article. Abbreviated Title of Journal. Year; Vol.(issue): page number(s).

50. More than six authors Gillespie NC, Lewis RJ, Pearn JH, Bourke ATC, Holmes MJ, Bourke JB, et al. Ciguat- era in Australia: occurrence, clinical features, pathophysiology and management. Med J Aust. 1986;145:584-90 . Organization as author Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Hypertension, insulin, and proinsulin in participants with impaired glucose tolerance. Hypertension. 2002;40(5):679-86. .

51. No author given 21st century heart solution may have a sting in the tail. BMJ. 2002;325(7537):184. Volume with supplement Geraud G, Spierings EL, Keywood C. Tolerability and safety of frovatriptan with short- and long term use for treatment of migraine and in comparison with sumatriptan. Headache. 2002;42 Suppl 2:593-9. Issue with supplement Glauser TA. Integrating clinical trial data into clinical practice. Neurology. 2002;58 (12 Suppl 7):S6-12.

52. Volume with part 403 Abend SM, Kulish N. The psychoanaly tic method from an epistemological viewpoint. Int J Psychoanal. 2002;83(Pt 2):491-5. Issue with part Ahrar K, Madoff DC, Gupta S, Wallace MJ, Price RE, Wright KC. Development of a large animal model for lung tumors. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2002;13(9 Pt 1):923-8.

53. Issue with no volume Banit DM, Kaufer H, Hartford JM. Intraoperative frozen section analysis in revision total joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 2002;(401):230-8. Newspaper article O'Leary C. Vitamin C does little to prevent winter cold. The West Australian. 2005 Jun 29;1

54. IV. E- book Standard Format Author A, Author B. Title of e-book [format]. Place: Publisher; Date of original publication [cited year abbreviated month day]. Available from: Source. URL .

55. Van Belle G, Fisher LD, Heagerty PJ, Lumley TS. Biostatistics: a methodology for the health sciences [e-book]. 2nd ed. Somerset (NJ): Wiley InterScience; 2003 [cited 2005 Jun 30]. Available from: Wiley InterScience electronic collection . Sommers-Flanagan J, Sommers-Flanagan R. Clinical interviewing [e-book]. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2003 [cited 2005 Jun 30]. Available from: NetLibrary.

56. Article in an electronic reference book: - Widdicombe J. Respiration. In: Blakemore C, Jennett S, editors. The Oxford compan- ion to the body [e-book]. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001 [cited 2005 Jun 30]. Available from: Oxford Reference Online. http://www.oxfordreference.com . Lee HC, Pagliaro EM. Serology: blood identification. In: Siegel J, Knupfer G, Saukko P, editors. Encyclopedia of forensic sciences [e-book]. San Diego: Academic Press; 2000 [cited 2005]: 1331-8. Available from: Science Direct Reference. www.elsevier.com .

57. V. E- Journals Standard Format Author A, Author B. Title of article. Abbreviated Title of Journal [format]. Year [cited year abbreviated month day];vol.(no): page numbers (estimated if necessary]. Available from: data- base name (if appropriate). URL.

58. Journal article abstract accessed from online database : Leroy EM, Telfer P, Kumulungui B, Yaba P, et al. A serological survey of Ebola virus infection in central African non-human primates. J Infect Dis [abstract]. 2004 [cit ed 2005 Jun 301;190(11):1895. Available from: ProQuest. http://www.umi.com/ proquest/

59. Journal article from online full-text database : Note: When including the internet address of articles retrieved from searches in full-text databases, please use the site "Recommended URLs for Full-text Databases', which are the URLs for the main entrance to the service and are easier to reproduce . 1. Palsson G, Hardardottir KE. For whom the cell tolls: debates about biomedicine (1). Curr Anthropol[serial online]. 2002 [cited 2005 Jun 30];43(2):271+[about 31 pages]. Available from: Academic OneFile. http://find.galegroup.com.

60. Journal article in a scholarly journal (published free of charge on the internet ): E isen SA, Kang HK, Murphy FM, Blanchard MS, Reda DJ, Henderson WG, et al. Gulf War veterans' health: medical evaluation of a U.S. cohort? Ann Intern Med [serial on the Internet]. 2005 [cited 2005 June 30];142(11):881+(about 12 pages]. Available from: http://www.annals.org/.

61. Journal article in electronic journal subscription: Barton CA, McKenzie DP, Walters EH, et al. Interactions between psychosocial problems and management of asthma: who is at risk of dying? J Asthma [serial on the Internet]. 2005 [cited 2005 Jun 301;42(4): 249-56. Available from: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/.

62. Newspaper article from online database : Dearne K. Dispensing with the chemist. The Australian [newspaper online]. 2005 Jun 14 [cited 2005 Jun 30];[about 8 screens]. Available from: Factiva. http://global.factiva.com. Newspaper article from the internet: Diseased organs may be used to deter smokers. Sydney Morning Herald [newspaper on the Internet]. 2005 Jun 29 [cited 2005 Jun 30]; para. 4-5. Available from: http://www. smh.com.au/.

63. VI. Internet Documents Standard Format #. Author A, Author B. Document title. Webpage name [format]. Source/production informa- tion; Date of internet publication [cited year month day]. Available from: URL .

64. Professional Internet site : Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Chronic diseases and associated risk factors [document on the Internet]. Canberra: The Institute; 2004 [updated 2005 June 23; cited 2005 Jun 30]. Available from: http:// www.aihw.gov.au/cdarf/index.cfm

65. Personal Internet site : Stanley Health Research [homepage on the Internet]. Perth: The Institute; 2005 [cited 2005 Jun 30] Available from: http://www.ichr.uwa.edu.au/about/schools / General Internet site : Lavelle P. Mental state of the nation. Health matters [document on the Internet]. ABC on line: 2005 May 19 [cited 2005 Jul 1]. Available from: http ://abc.net.au/health/features/ mentalstate/.

66. VII. Writing Reference for Non-Book Formats Standard Format Person AA, Responsibility (if appropriate). Title: subtitle [format]. Special credits (if appropriate ). Place of publication: Publisher; Year

67. Podcasts: Gary , S. Black hole death ray. StarStuff [podcast on the Internet]. Sydney: ABC News Radio; 2007 Dec 23 [cited 2008 Feb 4]. Available from http://abc.net.au/newsradio/ podcast/STARSTUFF.xml . Microform: Terry KW, Hewson GS, Rowe MB. Characterisation of inhaled dusts at minesites [microfiche] Perth: Minerals and Energy Research Institute of Western Australia; 1998.

68. Television programme: Cohen J, reporter. Messing with heads. Four corners [television broadcast]. Australian Broadcasting Corporation; 2005 Mar 21.

69. VIII. Personal Communications Conversation : In a conversation with a colleague from the School of Population Health (Jameson LI 2002, oral communication, 7th August ).

70. Letter : As stated in a letter from B.J. Samuels, MD, in July 2002... Email : Smith P. New research projects in gastroenterology [online]. E-mail to Matthew Hart ([email protected]) 2000 Feb 5 [cited 2000 Mar 17].

71. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION STYLE OF REFERENCES

72. I. Books Single-author book and part of a book : Garner, B. A. (2003). Garner's Modern American Usage. New York: Oxford University Press. Book with two or more authors : Ligon, M., Carpenter, K., Brown, W., & Milsop, A. (1983). Computers in the world of business communications. Hartford, CT: Capital Press.

73. Edition other than first (Republished book): Creech, P. J. (2004). Radiology and the technology of the absurd. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin (Original work published 1975) An edited volume (Anthology or reference book ): Stanton, D. C., & Farbman, E. (Eds.). (2003). The female autograph: Theory and practice of autobiography. Middletown, CT: Ibis Bookstore Press.

74. Book without author or editor listed: Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary. (1961). Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam. To alphabetize such an entry on your Reference page, use the first significant word of the title (ignoring the articles, "a," "an," and "the "). Multivolume work: Nadeau, B. M. & Darling, J. M. (Eds.). (1994-2003). Studies in the history of cutlery (Vols. 4-6). Utica, NY: Mohican Valley-River Press.

75. II. Secondary Resources O'Connor , C. O. & DeLoatch, K. L. (2003). Whatever happened to the humanities? In 1. Rubenzahl (Ed.), Studies in Byzantine Intrigue (pp. 235-278). Hartford, CT: Merganser University Press. III. Dictionary

76. IV. Dissertation or Dissertation Abstract When you have used an abstract of the dissertation found on microfilm in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI). If you are using a microfilm source, include in parentheses at the end of your entry, the university microfilm number . Darling , C. W. (1976). Giver of due regard: the poetry of Richard Wilbur. Dissertation Abstracts International, 44, 4465. (AAD44-8794

77. V . Magazines/Periodicals Wheat croft, G. (2004, June). The Tragedy of Tony Blair. The Atlantic, 293, 56-72. Thomas, E. & Hosenball, M. (2004, May 31). Bush's Mr. Wrong: The Rise and Fall of Chalabi. News- week, 143, 22- 32 .

78. VI. Scholarly Journal Many scholarly journals number their pages consecutively throughout a given volume. Thus, volume one might end on page 345 and the first page of volume two would be number 345. Do not use p. or pp. to indicate page numbers. Notice that proper nouns are capitalized in an APA-style title, but other words are not. A comma separates the title of the journal from the volume number, but the volume number (as well as the comma that follows) is also italicized .

79. VII. Newspaper Articles, Editorials, Letters to the Editor If the article is "signed" (i.e. you know the author's name), begin with that author's name. (Notice how discontinuous pages are noted and separated by commas.) Do not omit the "The" from the title of a newspaper (unlike the MLA technique). Poirot, C. (2004, March 17). HIV prevention pill goes beyond 'morning after'. The Hartford Courant, pp. F1, F6.

80. VIII. Non-Print Resources Film: Redford, R. (Director). (1980). Ordinary people [Film]. Hollywood: Paramount. The source is identified in brackets after the title. IX. Personal Communication Because this material is not recoverable (i.e. it is not possible for someone else to see or hear it), it should not be listed in the list of References. It can, however, be cited parenthetically within the text. It is extremely important that what is cited in this way be legitimate and have scholarly integrity.

81. Interview: Wilbur finds himself sometimes surprised by the claims of religiosity made by contemporaries . (personal letter , March 28, 1977 ) Phone conversation : According to Connie May Fowler, the sources for her novel Sugar Cane were largely autobiographical (personal phone conversation, July 22, 2003).

82. X. Classroom Lecture Like personal interviews and phone conversations, material presented in a classroom lecture is regarded as non-retrievable data. A lecture, therefore, should be cited within the text but not be included in your References. The model below could also be used for more formal lecture settings .

83. XI. Government Documents Report from the Government Printing Office, corporate author . Example: • National Institute of Mental Health. (1982). Television and behavior: Ten years of scientific progress (DHHS Publication No. A 82-1195). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

84. XII. Electronic and Online Resources Online article Online abstract Electronic database

85. Assignment Write any 5 bibliography and references from library