Biochem Lectur1.pptx nutrition for all levels

A health life is a wealth life

1. BIOCHEMISTRY Jacent K. Asiimwe (PhD)

2. Outline General Introduction Enzymology and enzyme Kinetics Metabolism of Macro and Micronutrients Acid Base-balance Water (absorption and forms in food systems). Qualitative Analysis and determination. 2

3. Delivery Method & Assessment Lectures, Assignments and Practicals Students are highly encouraged to do further reading : see recommended reading list. Assessment : Assignments, Test, Practical reports and Final examination 3

4. GeneraL Objective To equip students with knowledge on the biochemical reactions that take place in the body ( animal, plant and microbial cells) and the importance of such biochemical reactions in life 4

5. SpecIFIC Objectives By end of this course you should be able to: Explain the various enzyme reaction mechanisms and how such mechanisms affect biochemical reactions Outline the importance of the major nutrients (Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) in the body Explain how energy is generated and utilized by the body 5

6. General Introduction Overview of Biochemistry Definition Biochemistry ( biological chemistry ) is the study of chemical processes in living organisms 6 http://www.nature.com/nri/journal/v5/n9/fig_tab/nri1685_F2.html Emphasis : Compounds involved Intermediate and end products Changes / transformations Mechanisms involved Enzymes Factors influencing the changes Importance

7. General Introduction Goals Biochemistry seeks to describe: The structure Organisation Functions of living mater in molecular terms It is divided i nto threePrincipal areas ; Structural chemistry : deals with components of living matter and the relationship of biological function to chemical structure Metabolism : deals with all the chemical reactions that occur within the cell Molecular genetics : seeks to understand the heredity and expression of genetic information at molecular level 7

8. General Introduction Applications of Biochemistry Wide applications in: medicine, nutrition, genetics , food science, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals 1 . Medical sciences and Nutrition Why does fat have a higher caloric content than carbohydrates ? (structural differences and requirements for oxidation) Why are vitamins essential for the well being of an individual? Biochemical measurements on patients provide clues to the diagnosis of illness, allow health personnel to monitor responses to treatment, enable detection of changes in the body Cancer screening, prenatal genetic testing, pregnancy testing … D etection of certain enzymes in blood serum is often a clue to internal damage to a tissue 8 http://jezebel.com/5959232/pregnancy-tests-become-cancer-tests-when-men-use-them

9. General Introduction Applications of Biochemistry 1 . Medical sciences and Nutrition Development/testing of medicines and effects of toxins: In pharmacology and toxicology, biochemistry is used to monitor the effect of external chemical substances on metabolism The antibiotic penicillin kills bacteria by inhibiting an enzyme that synthesises an essential polysaccharide of the bacterial cell wall 9 http://research.fuseink.com/p23khw8wqfrwvo/difference-between-amoxicillin-vs-penicillin

10. General Introduction Applications of Biochemistry Agriculture Development of herbicides and pesticides: these act in many ways like antibiotics Biochemistry is involved in understanding the mechanism of such compounds, increasing their sensitivity and in understanding the mechanisms by which the target organism becomes resistant 10 http://evidencebasedliving.human.cornell.edu/2012/04/more-evidence-pesticides-and-parkinsons-disease/

11. General Introduction Applications of Biochemistry 3. Industry Studies on enzyme catalysis have opened doors to the use of biochemistry in many manufacturing industries and food industries. Can you give examples? The precise dissection of the structures of enzymes has revealed general mechanisms by which proteins catalyse reactions at enormous speeds under mild conditions 11

12. General Introduction The knowledge gained has been applied in the development of new synthetic or semi synthetic catalysts either protein or non protein in nature They are used as tools in molecular biology (rDNA and genetic engineering) 12