biological & psychological stages of development by Ms. SC Taboso & Ms. LG Napoles.pptx

Biological and Psychological Stages of Development: A Comprehensive Overview
Human development is a complex process that unfolds across various stages, each marked by distinct biological and psychological changes. These stages are influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, and social factors that shape an individual’s growth from conception to old age. Understanding these stages is crucial for comprehending how people evolve physically, cognitively, emotionally, and socially throughout their lives. This comprehensive overview explores the biological and psychological stages of development, beginning with prenatal development and continuing through infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age.

Prenatal Development
The journey of human development begins long before birth, during the prenatal stage. This stage is divided into three primary phases: the germinal stage, the embryonic stage, and the fetal stage. The germinal stage occurs during the first two weeks after conception, where the fertilized egg, or zygote, begins its rapid division and implantation in the uterine wall. During this period, the groundwork for all major organs and structures is laid. Following this, the embryonic stage spans from the third to the eighth week of pregnancy. This is a critical period where the foundations of the brain, spinal cord, and other vital organs are formed. The developing embryo is highly sensitive to external influences such as nutrition, toxins, and stress, which can have lasting effects on its development. Finally, the fetal stage begins at the ninth week and continues until birth. During this stage, the body structures and organs formed in the embryonic stage continue to grow and mature. The brain undergoes significant development, forming billions of neurons that will later enable complex cognitive functions. The fetus also becomes increasingly responsive to external stimuli, such as sound and light, indicating the early development of sensory capabilities.

Infancy (0-2 years)
Infancy is the period from birth to about two years of age and is characterized by rapid physical and cognitive development. Biologically, infants grow quickly, doubling their birth weight by six months and tripling it by the end of the first year. During this period, the brain undergoes explosive growth, developing at a faster rate than at any other time in life. The formation of neural connections, or synapses, is particularly significant, laying the foundation for future learning and memory. Infants develop motor skills in a predictable sequence, starting with simple reflexes like sucking and grasping, followed by more complex actions such as sitting, crawling, and walking. Psychologically, infancy is a critical period for the development of attachment, a deep emotional bond between the infant and their primary caregivers. According to John Bowlby’s attachment theory, this bond is essential for the child’s emotional and social development. Secure at

1. PHILO-SOCIO-PSYCHO IN EDUCATION FD 503

2. REPORTER: SHERLYN C. TABOSO & LERMAFLOR G. NAPOLES BIOLOGICAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL STAGEs OF DEVELOPMENT MAED- Educational Management

3. DEVELOPMENT means a progressive series of changes that occur in orderly predictable pattern as a result of maturation an experience. DEVELOPMENT is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change or the addition of physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic components. It is a continuous process from conception to birth. Involves increase in the complexity of functions and skill progression. WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT ?

4. STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT 1. PRENATAL STAGE (Conception-birth) 2. INFANCY STAGE (BIRTH- TWO WEEKS OF LIFE) 3. BABYHOOD STAGE (2 ND WEEK – 2 ND YEAR OF LIFE) 4. EARLY CHILDHOOD STAGE (TWO TO SIX YEARS OF LIOFE) 5. LATE CHILDHOOD STAGE (6-10 OR 12 YEARS OF LIFE) 6. PREADOLESCENCE OR PUBERTY STAGE (10- 14 YEARS OF AGE) 7. ADOLESCENCE STAGE (14 TO 18 YEARS OF AGE) 8. ADULTHOOD STAGE (20-65 YEARS OF AGE) 9. OLD AGE (SIXTY FIVE YAERS OF LIFE) BIOLOGICAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

5. 1. PRENATAL STAGE ( Conception – birth) Germinal Stage (Fertilization to 2 weeks) Embryonic period (2 weeks to 2 months or 8 weeks) Fetal Period (8 weeks to birth) 3 Major Phases of Prenatal Period:

6. a. Germinal Stage: This is known as the period of the Zygote. Cell Division begins in a time no longer than 36 hours after fertilization. Subsequently, for 3 to 4 days the Zygote from the oviduct travels down to the fallopian tube and then to the uterus where implantation begins.

7. b. Embryonic Period The Zygote in Germinal stage will become embryo. By the 14 th day after fertilization, the blastocyst is already implanted in the uterus. The umbilical cord attaches the placenta functionally to the Mother. The foundation for the eyes, ears, nose, mouth extremities (upper and lower)a and the digestive system have been laid on the 8 th week The 1 ½ inches long embryo develops at the end of the first month. This period is considered as the MOST CRITICAL PERIOD for the reason that the embryo is most vulnerable to damage and defect. During the first trimester (3 months of pregnancy) almost all birth defects occur and chances are, the defects will be permanent.

8. Period of Fetus The Embryo before is now known as the FETUS The fetal stage begins with the formation of first bone cells. Various organs grow functionally and take the appearance of the human body. The fetus can now kick and can manipulate its extremities (upper & lower) and can open its mouth, frown, and turn its head as well as take a few “breath” by the End of the third month. By the end of the 5 th month, the fetus is one foot long and weighs a pound. At the end of the 6 th month, the fetus eyelids can be opened ; it develops grasps and more than enough taste buds. The fetus weighs two pounds and its all organ systems have become functional at the end of the seven month. During the eight and nine month, the fetus become round and heavy and is able to lift its head. c. Fetal Period

9. 2. INFANCY STAGE ( Birth- 2weeks of life) Subdivision of infancy includes the a.)period of the partunate or the time of the fetal body has emerged from the mother’s body and last until the umbilical cord has been cut and tied and b.) period of the neonate or from the cutting and tying of the umbilical cord to the end of the 2 nd week of post natal life. Infants are most often asleep, drowsy, cries and gets excited easily. Neonate is sensitive to brightness as indicated by his papillary response to change in illumination, his visual images are likely to be blurred because of failure of the lens to focus on the object. The roots of language are crying, cooing, and babbling.

10. 3. Babyhood stage ( 2 nd week to 2 nd year of life) Developmental task include: learning to walk, learning to take solid foods, having organ of elimination under partial control, achieving reasonable psychological stability especially in hunger rhythm and sleep, relating emotionally to parents and siblings and learning the foundation of speech. Crying, cooing, babbling, gesturing and emotional expressions are examples of pre speech forms of communication. Common emotional pattern involve anger, fear, curiosity, joy and affection. Considered non-moral due to their lack of a scale of values and conscience and they demonstrate obedience to rules without question.

11. 4.Early Childhood Stage (2-6 years of life) Developmental tasks include: control of elimination, self-feeding, self-dressing and doing some things without much help, development of motor skills that allow him to explore and do things to satisfy his curiosity and acquisition of adequate vocabulary to communicate his thoughts and feelings with those around him. Intellectual growth encompass the two sub-periods; a.) the preconceptual period (2-4 years) and include egocentrism, animism, and transductive reasoning; and b.) intuitive period (4-6 years) and include inattention to transformation, centration and irreversibility. Early childhood is also characterized by heightened emotionality. The presence of the significant others or the primary group is also given importance because they serve as models for the child who usually identifies with them and patterns his behavior after them.

12. The preschool child should given as much as physical experience as possible and play activities to learn by doing and to develop his intellectual capacity. The stage is also regarded as the teachable moment for acquiring skills because children enjoy the repetition essential to learning skills; they are adventuresome and like to try new things and have already learned skills to interfere with the acquisition of the new ones. Because speech development advances rapidly this time, as seen in the improvement in comprehension as well as in the different speech skills talking to young children will leave a strong impact. The concepts of morality emerge as a result of interactions with adults and peers. Other common interest include interest in religion, un the human body, in self, in sex and in clothes. 4.Early Childhood Stage (2-6 years of life) continuation…..

13. 5. Late Childhood Stage ( 6 to 10-12 years of life) Stage in learning basic skills in life. Physical growth is at slow and relatively even rate because of the influence of health, nutrition, immunization, sex and intelligence. Children in this stage win recognition by being able to do things. Developmental tasks includes: learning physical skills necessary for group and organized games; learning to get along with agemates and members of his family and community; learning fundamental skills in reading, writing and numeracy; develop appropriate masculine or feminine social roles; develop healthy self-concept and conscience; achieve personal independence by being able to perform life skills; learn to perform the different role expected of him and think rationally to adjust to situations, make decisions and solve problems.

14. 5. Late Childhood Stage ( 6 to 10-12 years of life) continuation…… There is a rapid increase in understanding and in accuracy of concepts during this stage as a result of increased intelligence and partly as a result of increased learning opportunities. The child’s social development is enhanced by his interaction with his peers in work or in play. In resolving moral conflicts, it is necessary for the significant others to teach the child the values of respect for others and set themselves as examples or models.

15. 6. Preadolescence or Puberty Stage (10-14 years of life) Derive from the Latin word “ pubertas ” which means age of manhood. The word growth spurt refers to the rapid acceleration in height and weight that marks the beginning of adolescence. Considered as unique and distinctive period and characterized by certain developmental changes that occur at no other time in the life span. A relatively short period, lasting from two to four years or less Manifested in both external and internal changes in the body with both the primary and secondary sex characteristics

16. Puberty is divided into three stages: a. prepubescent- secondary sex characteristics begin their development but their reproductive organs are not yet fully develop. b. pubescent- characterized by menarche for girls and nocturnal emissions in boys. c. post pubescent- secondary sex characteristics become well developed and the sex organs begin to function in a mature manner. A critical period for the development of positive attitudes towards one’s body and oneself in general.

17. 7. Adolescence Stage ( 13-18 years of life) Adolescence is the age when the individual becomes integrated in the society of adults; the age when the child no longer feels that he is below the level of of his elders but equal, at least in rights. Come from the Latin word “ adolescere ” meaning to grow or to grow to maturity . Early adolescence extends roughly from thirteen to sixteen or seventeen years and late adolescence covers the period then until eighteen, the age of legal maturity. The developmental tasks of adolescence are focused on the developing independence in preparation for adulthood and in establishing a sense of identity. Adolescence is a period of heightened emotionality, a time of “storm and stress”. Have increased ability to engage in mental manipulations and test hypotheses; thinking becomes more abstract, liberal and knowledge.

18. 8. Adulthood Stage (Twenty to Sixty-five years of age) The need for love and intimacy are met in adult life, becomes more fulfilling in marriage, with the involvement of commitment The need for generativity is through achievement Burn out and alienation becomes the problem with work Moral development possesses responsibility for the welfare of others Changes in the primary senses and the organ reserve decline upon growing older. Menopause for women and climacteric for men signify the decline of sex and reproduction.

19. 9. Old Age (Sixty-five years of life ….) Composed of individuals at and over the age of 65, most of whom have retired from work Most individuals in this late years begins to show slow physical, intellectual, and social activities While there is a gradual decline of cognition in older life, older people see art and nature in a deeper , more appreciative way. Symptoms of senility which include severe memory loss, rambling conversation, disorientation and personality cause occurs because of dementia, a pathological loss of intellectual functioning. In late adulthood, affiliation needs are more important than achievement needs.

20. THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT

21. ERIKSON’S STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY

22. SULLIVAN'S INTERPERSONAL MODEL OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

23. PIAGET'S THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

24. “The tragedy in life doesn’t lie in not reaching your goal. The tragedy lies in having no goal to reach.” - Benjamin Mays

25. End.