Biological-Macromolecules-Week-7 b b .ppt

biologcal

1. Biological
Macromolecule
s

2. What’s an organic molecule??
Compounds made up of hydrocarbons
Carbon and Hydrogen atoms!!
Living/once living (YOU are Organic!)
(Not CO2. It’s a gas!!!!!)

3. There are four classes of biological
macromolecules we will be looking
at:
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids (This will be last)
First – Let’s
Concentrate
on these
three!

5. A very, very large
molecule!!

6. Biological
Macromolecule
All biological macro-molecule are
organic, meaning they all contain
hydrocarbons…Carbon atoms (with
attached Hydrogens!) Other
elements may include Oxygen,
Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur

7. Macromolecules
 We’re looking
at

10. “Mono” means one
SO… a polymer is
made up of many
monomers!!

13. Polymer AnalogiesPolymer Analogies
EXAMPLE of
POLYMER
MONOMER
Ladder ?
String of Pearls Necklace ?

14. AnswersAnswers
EXAMPLE of
POLYMER
MONOMER
Ladder Each Rung
Necklace Each Pearl

15. Look at the label to the
left. 3 of the 4
macromolecules are
labeled!!
1____________________
2____________________
3____________________
(0 grams in this product)
(13 grams in this product)
(9 grams in this product)

16. On to Our First Biomolecule!!
CARBOHYDRATES

17. CARBOHYDRATES
C, H, O

18. SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES
They are the main source of energy for the body !
Simple sugars Monosaccharide
Glucose, for example (Yes it IS a monomer!!), is the main
product of photosynthesis!!
C
6
H
12
O
6
Atoms: C, H, O

19. COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES
Long-term storage for energy
Polysaccharides  made up of glucose
polymers
Below is a part of the polymer starch!!

20. Starch Continued
Found in: Grains (wheat, rice, corn, oats, barley)
Tubers such as potatoes are rich in starch.

21. Cellulose
** ALSO a glucose
polymer
**Offers the plant
support
** Energy storage
** Makes up cell wall
** Food source for
seeds and plant bulbs

22. Glycogen in Animals
**A branched
polymer made up
of numerous
glucose monomers
**Long-term
energy storage
found in the liver
** Quickly broken
down into glucose
for immediate
energy

23. Complex Carbs and Energy
Starches, Cellulose and Glycogen are broken
down by proteins called enzymes (remember
digestion in lysosomes!!??.....similar concept!)
Broken down into their monomers  Glucose
Glucose is further broken down during cellular
respiration in the mitochondria for energy
About 36 ATP molecules of energy per each
glucose molecule!!!

24. LIPIDS
Mostly C,H and some O

25. STORED ENERGY  Broken down for energy
They INSULATE the body to help maintain normal
body temperature and they
CUSHION the internal organs for protection.
Include waxes, Oils
include steroids such as cholesterol and the sex
hormones estrogen and testosterone
Anabolic steroids build muscle
They waterproof surfaces of animals, plants, and
fruits- these are waxes!
THINK: Waterproof, insulate, steroids, energy,
cushion…

26. Remember the cell membrane?
PhosphoLIPID bilayer of the cell membrane? The
fatty acid tails are lipids!
It’s semi-permeable, allowing only certain
molecules to diffuse across the membrane to
enter or exit the cell.

27. LIPIDS

28. Fat Made up of fatty acid monomers –
Glycerides that have a Glycerol Backbone
(Circled) and a Fatty Acid Tail(s)
Mostly C, H with some
O

29. Triglycerides
Glycerol Group with 3 Fatty Acid
Chains
This is a triglyceride molecule

30. NOW ONTO PROTEINS
They are the major structural molecules in living things
for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons,
bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES
have protein in them
They make up antibodies in the immune system
They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions
They makeup non-steriod hormones which
THINK: Proteins= membranes, enzymes, antibodies, non-
steriod hormones, structural molecules, “MEANS”

31. PROTEINS
Made up of Mostly C, H, O and
N (Some Sulfur)

32. Proteins

33. Proteins
Aside from the protein found in Aside from the protein found in
animal sources…protein can animal sources…protein can
also be found in fruits, also be found in fruits,
vegetables, grains, and nuts. vegetables, grains, and nuts. (it (it
just does not have as many amino acids)just does not have as many amino acids)

34. Hair, Skin, and Nails

35. Microscope View of
Skin and Nails
This is skin This is a nail

36. Made up of Amino Acid Monomers!!!
**Remember protein synthesis???? Transcription and
translation?
**A peptide bond bonds amino acids together
**Creates a polypeptide

37. The shapes of Proteins
Determines it’s Function
Amino
Acids !!!

38. Ribosomes are Proteins
that are Involved in
Creating Proteins!!

39. Insulin
Chemical signaler protein produced in the pancreas
Causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take up
glucose from blood and convert it to glycogen that can
be stored in the liver and muscles
Diabetes is a condition when a person has high blood glucose
(blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate, or
because the body's cells do not respond properly to
insulin, or both.

40. Hemoglobin
A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen

41. **Antibodies are part of the immune system.
**When something enters the body that isn’t supposed to
be there, like certain bacteria, antibodies find the
invader and stick themselves onto it.
**White Blood cells destroy the invaders (hopefully)

42. Enzymes
Speed up the rate of a chemical reaction (a catalyst) by
lowering the energy needed to begin the reaction (Below)
Re-usable
Molecule specific – like a lock and key
-Example: ONLY Lactase will break down lactose. It
will NEVER break down proteins

43. Enzymes Lock and Key
Model
Substrate
Produc
ts

44. Enzymes
Folded specific to its function…like a lock and key model!
Lactase
breaks
down
lactose
sugar
Pepsin
breaks
down
proteins
Amylase
breaks
down
amylose

45. Activ
e Site
Specific Enzyme
Starch
***** Remember That Enzymes are
substrate-specific !!!!!
Simple useable
sugars (product)
Protein
Lipid
Which substrate can be reduced by the enzyme??

46. Enzymes are affected by:

47. R
a
t
e

o
f

R
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
pH Affects Enzyme Reactivity
1342 56789
pH
scal
e
This enzyme functions in an
environment that has a pH of about 4,
which is acidic

49. The 4th type is
NUCLEIC ACIDS
The types of Nucleic Acids
DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)
RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)

50. **Monomers are called
Nucleotides

51. “DNA” is short for Deoxyribonucleic
Acid
**Your genetic makeup!!

53. “DNA” is short for
Ribonucleic Acid
**Works with DNA to create
proteins

55. RNA DNA
Single-
Stranded
Nitrogen
bases
Adenine (A),
Cytosine (C),
Guanine (G),
Uracil (U)
Remember
NO Thymine
(T)
Ribose sugar
Double-
Stranded
double helix
Nitrogen
bases
Adenine (A),
Cytosine (C),
Guanine (G),
Thymine (T)
Remember
NO Uracil
(U)
Deoxy-
ribose sugar

56. Remember How DNA and RNA Molecules are Involved in
Protein Synthesis?? Transcription and Translation?
*DNA
*mRNA
*At ribosome
*tRNA Brings in
Amino Acids
*Amino Acids form
the protein (a
polypeptide)