Biomolecules PPT for high school students

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1. DO NOW- 10 mins

2. BIOMOLECULES

3. I will be able to : D escribe the structure and function of carbohydrates. D escribe the structure and function of proteins. D escribe the structure and function of nucleic acid. D escribe the structure and function of lipids. Compare the structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. L.S. Bio 1.1 Construct an explanation to illustrate relationships between structure and function of major macromolecules essential for life. Learning targets

4. LATIN 101- Prefix review Poly – Many Mono -One Hydro -Water (actually Greek) Lipos - fat Synthesis - to make or form Lysis -loosen; break apart Scientific names have traditionally been based on Latin or Greek roots.

5. Key Vocabulary monomer polymer carbohydrate monosaccharide polysaccharide protein amino acid polypeptide lipid nucleic acid metabolism Acid Base pH homeostasis elements glucose cellulose phospholipid RNA DNA

6. Carbon compounds and Cells Life as we know it is carbon based. A carbon atom can form chemical bonds with other carbon atoms in long chains or rings.

7. Carbon compounds and cells Carbon compounds in living things include: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. These compounds are called macromolecules.

8. Monomer and Polymer Monomers are the small, individual building blocks that join through polymerization to form long chains called polymers , which are the large molecules known as macromolecules .  For example, amino acids (monomers) link to form proteins (polymers/macromolecules), and simple sugars (monomers) form complex carbohydrates (polymers/macromolecules).

9. BUILDING BLOCKS ANALOGY

10. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION… We will be repeating these ALL year! Atoms  Molecules  Macromolecules… Today we will dig into the four macromolecules that are essential for life to exist.

11. What are the 4 biomolecules? Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins W E TYPICALLY GET BIOMOLECULES FROM FOOD… THIS IS WHY WE MUST EAT IN THE FIRST PLACE! THE BIOMOLECULES SERVE TO KEEP ORGANISMS ALIVE.

12. Video: Biomolecules

13. #1: CARBOHYDRATES ARE SUGARS! We get 4 kilocalories per gram of carb that we eat!

14. What are Carbohydrates? Most common organic molecule. Functions : Primary energy source of energy for the body. Short-term energy storage. Structural component of cell membrane. Elements present : C, H, O (1:2:1 ratio) Monomer (building block): Monosaccharides (Glucose is most common) Polymer: Polysaccharides (starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin) IMPORTANT!

15. CLASSIFICATION Monosaccharides : Simple sugar. E.g. glucose, fructose Disaccharides : 2 monosaccharide units. E.g. maltose, sucrose Polysaccharides : more than 10 sugar units. E.g. starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin

16. CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES

17. Types of Polysaccharides Starch : Used for energy storage in plants Potatoes, pasta and rice are foods rich in starch. They provide a quick form of energy for the body Glycogen: Used for energy storage in animals I am formed in the Liver!

18. More Polysaccharides Cellulose : Provides structural support in plants (found in the cell wall) Chitin : Found in exoskeletons of arthropods (insects, spiders) Found in cell wall of some fungi GIVES US FIBER!!!

19. Structure of Carbohydrates Remember: Elements are C, H, and O Primarily in a Ring shape (but not always)

20. Take a minute to find the word that does NOT belong. Raise your hand, do not shout out!

21. Check for Understanding Why would a runner consume carbohydrates before a race? a. Carbohydrates provide insulation for heat. b. Carbohydrates provide structure for tissues. c. Carbohydrates provide genetic material for muscle cells. d. Carbohydrates provide energy for the body.

22. DO NOW [10 mins]

23. #2: LIPIDS ARE FATS We get 9 kcals per gram Of fat that we consume.

24. Lipids Functions : Long term energy-storage Insulates your body Makes up most of our cell membranes. Elements : C, H, O Monomer (Building blocks) : glycerol & 3 fatty acids Polymer : Phospholipids, triglycerides Examples : triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids.

25. Lipids Lipids are not traditional polymers, but complex macromolecules can be formed from lipid monomers; major examples include : triglycerides (one glycerol and three fatty acids), phospholipids (two fatty acids, a glycerol, and a phosphate group), and steroids (four fused carbon rings, like cholesterol). 

26. Lipids

27. Lipids Lipids are Hydrophobic (water fearing) and do not dissolve in water! Lipids can be: Saturated : The bonds between all the carbons are single bonds. Solid at room temperature Mainly animal fats (bacon grease, lard) Can be unhealthy for you. Unsaturated : There is at least one double or triple bond between carbons present. Liquid at room temperature Mainly plant based fats (olive oil, peanut oil) as well as oily fish (Tuna, Sardines) Important!

28. Saturated vs Unsaturated Fats

29. Lipid Structure Remember: Elements present are C, H, O Long strands of Carbon and Hydrogen Unsaturated Fats Saturated Fats CALLED HYDROCARBONS!

30. Take a minute to find the word that does NOT belong. Raise your hand, do not shout out!

31. BIOMOLECULES PART 2 PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS!

32. #3: PROTEINS BUILD US We get 4 kcals per gram Of protein that we consume.

33. Let us watch this video:

34. Proteins Function of proteins Transport molecules in and out of the cell. Control the speed of chemical reactions. (enzymes) Used for growth and repair of body tissues. Contributes to immunity and fighting diseases. provides structural support in the form of hair and nails. Proteins make up the structure of living things… Hair, nails, skin, bones, muscle, etc are all built by protein!

35. Proteins Elements : C-H-O-N Monomer (Building Block) : amino acids (20 different ones!) Polymer : proteins (tons) NITROGEN IS PRESENT, NOW!

36. Proteins Examples of proteins : hemoglobin in red blood cells, albumin in eggs enzymes that control reactions in the body. E.g. amylase, lipase, protease etc. Hormones. E.g. insulin produced in the pancreas; helps to regulate blood sugar ; sex hormones ( oestrogen , progesterone) Protein rich Food sources : fish, eggs, meat

37. Protein Structure Remember: Elements are C, H, O, and N “R” groups represent one of the 20 Amino Acids! (so, each amino acid has something different in that spot)

38. Why are amino acids important? When groups of amino acids are joined together a protein is formed There are 20 kinds of amino acids They consist of a carboxyl group (COOH ) and an amino group NH2 Peptide bonds form between amino acids (polypeptide = many peptide bonds = protein!)

39. Take a minute to find the word that does NOT belong. Raise your hand, do not shout out!

40. #4: NUCLEIC ACIDS These biomolecules are not necessarily from food!

41. Video: Nucleic Acids

42. Nucleic acids Function : Provide our genetic information. Holds the instructions to make proteins. Elements: C-H-O-N-P Monomer : nucleotides A nucleotide is made up of: Sugar Phosphate Nitrogen Base: A, T, G, C, or U Polymer : DNA, RNA and ATP Genetic code! Recipe for proteins Energy carrier

43. Structure of Nucleic Acid Structure of a nucleotide (monomer) Structure of DNA (a polymer)

44. Take a minute to find the word that does NOT belong. Raise your hand, do not shout out!

45. Check for Understanding Why are nucleic acids necessary for survival? a. Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information. b. Nucleic acids provide structures for cells. c. Nucleic acids make enzymes to break down food. d. Nucleic acids store fat for long-term energy.

46. Dehydration Synthesis The process  of combination of two molecules with the elimination of water molecules  is called dehydration synthesis.

47. Hydrolysis Hydrolysis is a process in digestion in which macromolecules are split from food by the enzymatic addition of water.

48. Which compounds join to form proteins? Nucleic acids Amino acids Simple sugars Fatty acids

49. Which kind of molecules provides building block for tissues, transports other molecules, and helps regulate reactions in the body? Lipid Carbohydrate Protein Amino acid

50. Check for Understanding: Processing Questions Complete the processing questions assigned to you. Use your notes to assist you in answering the questions. You have 30 minutes to complete them.

51. Biomolecule dominoes (Groups of 3) Biomolecule vocabulary practice gamified!- E ach of 4 sides of a square have a biomolecule vocabulary word or phrase, example, or brief definition. R otate and move multiple squares to 'match' the words with either an example of the biomolecule category or the definition, etc... per your instructions. Multiple correct 'solutions' to the dominoes style match ups.

52. Vocab Book: Word Association Key Terms: Biotic and Abiotic

53. Activity 2: Create your flash cards Create two flash cards with these two key terms from the lesson: Polymer Definition of the term ‘polymer’ Examples of polymers and their functions Monomer -Definition of the term ‘monomer’ -Examples of monomers for each macro (polymer)