Chapter 1
Metal(loid)s
Sources, Toxicity and Bioremediation
Mohd. Kashif Kidwai,
1
Anju Malik
1,
* and Vinod Kumar Garg
2
1.1 Introduction
Global expansion in industrial sectors and urbanization for development have occurred at the cost
of the environment and its quality. Pollutants such as phthalates, PAH, metal(loid)s, dioxins, etc.,
are generated as a byproduct of various industrial and other activities surfacing environmental
pollution as a major global issue affecting both economy as well as ecology (Singh et al. 2021).
Heavy metals and metal(loid)s are widely known as environmental pollutants or potentially toxic
elements (PTE) due to their toxic properties affecting the overall biotic components of different
ecosystems (Sharma et al. 2015, Akhtar et al. 2020). Heavy metals occur naturally in the Earth’s
crust. Higher demand for the use of heavy metals in various industrial processes resulted in an
increase in exposure of various metal(loid)s in different ecosystems. Heavy metal pollution has
emerged due to unsustainable human induced activities such as smelting, mining of different
metals, foundries, leaching of metals in ground water, landfills, indiscriminate disposal of industrial
waste, and sewage waste water, excretion, runoffs, automobiles exhaust, construction activities, etc.
(Fig. 1.1). Due to the use of agrochemicals, improper sewage and industrial sludge disposal,
discharge of untreated industrial waste water, etc., are considered as some of the major sources of
pollution due to metal(loid)s. Geogenic and natural events like volcanic eruptions, weathering of
rocks, floods, ground water, wind erosion, soil erosion, forest fires, etc., are also some of the natural
sources of metal(loid)s in environment (Rotkittikhun et al. 2007, Jaishankar et al. 2014, Sharma
et al. 2015, Mosa et al. 2016, Muthusaravanan et al. 2018, Akhtar et al. 2020, Briffa et al. 2020,
Shah and Daverey 2020, Tarekegn et al. 2020, Arora and Chauhan 2021, Goswami et al. 2021, Kaur
and Roy 2021, Li et al. 2021, Manori et al. 2021, Raffa et al. 2021, Poonia et al. 2021, Sharma
and Kumar 2021, Thakare et al. 2021, Velez et al. 2021, Xiang et al. 2021, Zaynab et al. 2022).
Both developing and developed nations are experiencing various environmental challenges due to
improper disposal of metal(loid)s (Kaur and Roy 2021).
Heavy metals are inorganic elements with high atomic weight and density (more than 5 gcm
–3
)
and pose serious health hazards and ecological risks all over the globe even at low concentrations
(Witkowksa et al. 2021) as exhibited in Fig. 1.2, Tables 1.1 and 1.2. In this chapter, the term
1
Department of Energy and Environmental Sciences, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa, Haryana, India.
2
Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Central University of
Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
* Corresponding author:
[email protected],
[email protected]