Birds project - collection and identification of birds

Birds project - collection and identification of birds

1. A PROJECT REPORT ON STUDY OF AVIAN BIODIVERSITY AT BHILAI NAGAR, DURG (C.G.) Accredited A+ Grade by NAAC Submitted for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ZOOLOGY Submitted by Sheetal Soni M.Sc. 4 th Sem Supervised by Dr. Mrs.k.choubey Head of Dept.of Zoology SUBMITTED AT DEPT. OF ZOOLOGY Govt.V.Y.T.PG.Auto.college durg (CG)

2. INDEX CHAPTER - 1 - INTRODUCTION CHAPTER - 2 - REVIEW OF LITERATURE CHAPTER - 3 - OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY CHAPTER - 4 - OBSERVATION CHAPTER - 5 - RESULT AND DISCUSSION CHAPTER - 6 - CONCLUSION CHAPTER - 7 - BIBLIOGRAPHY

3. Bird are 'warm' blooded vertebrates, with fore limbs modified to wing, and skins covered with feathers. Forelimbs modified as wings gives power of flight. also are oviparius and having internal fertilization. The skull and lower jaw are extended forward into mandibles which make a beak. Birds possess a third, transparent eyelid, the nictitating membrane, which can move across the eye. Streamlined body with slight adaptation the forelimbs are modified as wings with a large surface area provided by feathers. However, rather than being an adaptation to flight, they are essential for flight to take place. Habitat :- There are two types of bird:-( 1 ) Terrestrial- there are bird living in the site. Ex- grouse, cartridges, turkeys, pheasants, roadrunners. ( 2 ) Aquatic- there are bird living in the water. Ex- goose, penguin, loon, gulls, duck. They eat both plants and animals from air ,water or land. Birds have no teeth-moves into two chambered stomach most birds build nest. A lot of birds begin nesting with complicated rituals courtship. Bird have special organs air sacs in addition to lungs. 1 INTRODUCTION

4. Avian Diversity :- Tremendous work has been done on various aspects of avian diversity across the worlds ( ali 1941 ; fleming , 1968 ; overtone , 1972 ; tekke, 1972 ; vemon and martin, 1975 ; parke's , 1975 ; pearson , 1975 ; norse and mcmanus , 1980 ; woodcock, 1980 ; fanned, 1981 ; spina , 1982 ; ali and ripley , 1983 ; hussain et al, 1984 ; brichetti and massa , 1984 ; grinnell , 1990 ; billy et al, 1992 ; sibley and munroe , 1993 ; gill, 1995 ; andrews , 1996 ; raja et al, 1999 ; rahbek and graves, 2001; anderson and baldock , 2001 anderson and baldock , 2001 azam and shafique , 2005 ; kumar et al, 2006 ; surana et al. 2007 ; lepage , 2008 ; bahadauria et al, 2012 bibi and ali , 2013 soka et al, 2013 .Birds occur on land, sea and freshwater, and in virtually every habitat, from the. Lowest deserts. To the mountains. Our knowledge of bird species can tell us a great deal about the state of the world and wider biodiversity. Patterns of bird diversity are driven by fundamental biogeographic factors, with tropical countries supporting the highest species richness. (Bird life international, 2013 ) mayer ( 1935 ) estimated 8500 . Species of avian fauna belonging to 2600 genera throughout the world. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2

5. Collection of bird Identification of bird. Field trip -for bird watching in the everyday morning and evening from October 2019 to February 2020 . Take photographs of all the observed bird and then identify with the help of Avian fauna of Dr. salim Ali. OBJECTIVE METHODOLOGY 3

6. 1. Magpie - Common name – magpie Scientific name – pica pica Classification :– Phylum – chordata Class – aves Order – passeriformes Family – corvidae Genus – pica OBSERVATION Character :- Magpie birds are black and white color. Magpie is omnivores. Food- spiders, reptiles, insects, fruit, seeds, small mammals etc. During the fall and winter, males and female form pairs. Magpie prefer open areas with short vegetation and patches of tree and bushes. 4

7. 2. Pecock - Common name – pecock Scientific name – pavocristatus Classification :– Phylum – chordata Class – aves Order – galliformes Family – phasianidae Genus – pavo-cristatus Character :- This is elongated and brightful bird. The fields are found here in open spaces. This is a carnivorous creature, food – grain, snake, fruit, lizard, mouse, squirrel. Male pecock dance to attract female. 5

8. 3. K oel - Common name – koel Scientific name – eudynamys Classification :– Phylum – chordata Class – aves Order – cuculiformes Family – cuckoos Genus – eudynamys Character :- Their nests like a bord lamp with a unique nest. This birds lives in herd bird. this is found in grassland area. It deals with brood parasite. Food- seed, worm etc. 6

9. 4. Baya bird - Common name – baya Scientific name – ploceus phillipinus Classification :– Phylum – chordata Class – aves Order – passeriformes Family – weavers Genus – p.phillipinus Character :- Baya bird nests are unique and candle shape. The nests are woven with long strips ,leaves and grass. This bird lives in the herd. Food- insect, seed. 7

10. 5. Cock - Common name – cock Scientific name – gallus domestius Classification :– Phylum – chordata Class – aves Order – galliformes Family – phasianidae Genus – gallus Character :- Food- insect, seed, worm, plant, small animal, like lizard. They are omnivorus . Hen’s bodies are covered in feathers, and they have wings that mainly stray tucked alongside their bodies. Hen;s are pet bird. cock are also found in open area and villages. cock are pet bird. 8

11. 6. Pigeon - Common name – pigeon Scientific name – columba livia domestica Classification :– Phylum – chordata Class – aves Order – columbiformes Family – columbidae Genus – columba Character :- Food- grain, seed, nut, fruit. Variable in colour , but most birds are bluish gray and white colour . Their long wings and powerful flights muscle. Pigeon are familiar birds od cities and towns. 9

12. 7. Hen - Common name – hen Scientific name – gallus gallus domesticus Classification :– Phylum – chordata Class – aves Order – galliformes Family – phasianidae Genus – gallus gallus Character :- Food- insect, seed, plant, and small animal, like lizard and mice. Hens are omnivorus . Hen’s bodies are covered in feathers, and they have wings that mainly stray tucked alongside their bodies. Hen;s are pet bird. Hen’s are able to lay eggs. 10

13. 8. Roller - Common name – roller Scientific name – coracias benghalensis Classification :– Phylum – chordata Class – aves Order – coraciformes Family – coraciidae Genus – coracias benghalensis Character :- Roller birds are blue colour . Food- worm, insect, seed, grain, snake. Roller birds are found in grassland, forest,farm . The nests are woven with tree branches,leaves and grass. Roller bird can lifespon 18 years. 11

14. 9. Parrot - Common name – parrot Scientific name – psittacines Classification :– Phylum – chordata Class – aves Order – psittaciformes Family – psittacoidae Genus – psittacines Character :- Parrot birds live in hollow of tree,its called kotar . Food- fruit, seed, grain, chilli , leaves. Parrot birds are mostly green and male ringneck sport black and rose rings around their necks. This is vegetarian bird. Parrot bird can lifespon 15-20 years. 12

15. 10. Crow - Common name – crow Scientific name – corvus Classification :– Phylum – chordata Class – aves Order – passeriformes Family – corvidae Genus – corvus Character :- Crow are extremely intelligent birds. Crow are black colour bird and strong bird. Crows can be found all over the world in a variety of habitats. Crows are omnivores bird. Food-insect, seed, fruit, grains, small animals. 13

16. 11. Duck - Common name – duck Scientific name – anas platyrhynchos Classification :– Phylum – chordata Class – aves Order – anseriformes Family – anatidae Genus – anas platyrhynchos Character :- Duck birds are also called “waterfowl” because they are found in pound, river and lack etc. Ducks can lifespan 2-12 years depends on species. Duck mostly found in white colour . ducks are omnivores bird. Food-grass, seed, small fish, grains, aquatic,insect . 14

17. 12. House sparrow - Common – house sparrow Scientific name – passer domesticus Classification :– Phylum – chordata Class – aves Order – passerifprmes Family – passeridae Genus – passer domesticus Character :- House sparrow is an extremely little bird. House sparrow are brightly colored bird with gray head & chest, white cheeks,black bib,rufous neck. House sparrow nest in holes of buildings and tree. House sparrow can lifespan 4-5 years. Food-grain, seed, rice, fruit, worm, insect etc. 15

18. 13. Laughing dove - Common name –laughing dove Scientific name – spilopelia senegalensis Classification :– Phylum – chordata Class – aves Order – columbiformes Family – columbidae Genus – s.senegalensis Character :- The head and underparts are pinkish, and outer coverts,back and rump vary blue-gray to pale gray. The female lays two glossy white eggs. They are omnivores bird. Laughing dove can lifespan 15-20 years. Food-grain, seed, insect, etc. 16

19. 14. Myna - Common name – myna Scientific name – acridotheres tristis Classification :– Phylum – chordata Class – aves Order – passeriformes Family – strunidae Genus – acridotheres Character :- The common myna is brown with a black head. It has a yellow bill, legs and bare eye skin. Common mynas are believed to pair for life. Building their nest in a hole of tree or wall. Mayas are omnivores . Food-insects, fruits, vagetables etc. 17

20. 15. Cattle Egret - Common name – cattle egret Scientific name – bubulcus ibis Classification :– Phylum – chordata Class – aves Order – pelecaniformes Family – ardeidae Genus – bubulcus bonaparte Character :- all feathers on cattle egrets are white. Cattle egrets wade is shallo water to hunt fish, frogs & other small aquatic animals. They are colonial nesters, stick nests high in tree. Cattle egrets are omnivores . Food-insects, fish, frogs,lizard etc. 18

21. 16. Hoopoe - Common name – hoopoe Scientific name – upupa epops Classification :– Phylum – chordata Class – aves Order – bucerotiformes Family – upupidae Genus – upupa Character :- It has a pinkish-brown body, striking black and white wings. Hoopoe is a familiar bird. They don’t gather twigs & find a nice nook on a tree branch, cliffs & walls. Hoopoes are omnivores . Food- insects, spider, seed, frogs etc. 19

22. 17. Great Egret - Common name – great egret Scientific name – ardea alba Classification :– Phylum – chordata Class – aves Order – pelecaniformes Family – ardeidae Genus – ardea Character :- all feathers on great egrets are white. great egrets wade is shallo water to hunt fish, frogs & other small aquatic animals. They are colonial nesters, stick nests in tree. great egrets are omnivores . Food-insects, fish, frogs,lizard etc. 20

23. 18. Green bee-eater - Common – green bee-eater Scientific name – merops orientalis Classification :– Phylum – chordata Class – aves Order – coraciiformes Family – meropidae Genus – merops Character :- it is green bird & wings are green & beak is black . The forage either alone or with a group of 15-20 birds. They are found in grassland and open forest. Green bee-eater is little bird. Food-insects, butterflies, dragonflies,spider etc. 21

24. 19. Eagle owl - Common name – eagle owl Scientific – bubo bengalensis Classification :– Phylum – chordata Class – aves Order – strigiformes Family – strigidae Genus – bubo Character :- eagle owl is fairly large owl with prominent brown ear-tufts. They primarily hunt eats and mice. The nest is usually a shallow scrape on bare earth. Food – frogs, reptiles, crabs and large insect. 22

25. 20. Black drango - Common name – black drango Scientific name – dicrurus macrocerus Classification :– Phylum – chordata Class – aves Order – passeriformes Family – dicruridae Genus – dicrurus Character :- black drango bird is glossy black. The bird found predominantly in open country. They feed mainly on insects such as grasshoppers,cicadas , termtes , wasps, bees, ants, beetles etc . They are build nest in tree. 23

26. 21. Purple sunbird - Common – purple sunbird Scientific – cinnyris asiaticus Classification :– Phylum – chordata Class – aves Order – passeriformes Family – nectariniidae Genus – cinnyris Character :- this is female bird, female is olive brown above & pale yellow below. Habitat- open forests, gardens ,groves. Food- insect, spider,fruit , grapes. Always seen around flowering tree and bushes. 24

27. 22. Ostrich - Common name – ostrich Scientific name – struthio camelus Classification :– Phylum – chordata Class – aves Order – struthioniformes Family – struthionidae Genus – struthio Character :- Ostrich are large, fightless bird that have long legs and a long neck that protrudes from a round body. Male have bold black and white coloring that they use to attract female. Ostrich are omnivores. Food- plant, seed, lizard, snakes,rodents , etc. 25

28. 23. Indian spotted eagle - Common – indian spotted eagle Scientific – clanga hastata Classification :– Phylum – chordata Class – aves Order – accipitriformes Family – accipitridae Genus – clanga Character :- The indian spotted eagle is about 60 cm in length and has a wingspan of 150 cm. Young birds are glossy brown color. Food- medium size mammles like fish, birds, reptiles, etc. 26

29. Order Bird Number Galliformes Pecock , Cock, Hen. 3 Cuculiformes Koel 1 Passeriformes Baya , Crow, House Sparrow, Myna, Magpie, Black Drango , Purple Sunbird. 7 Columbiformes Pigeon, Laughing Dove. 2 Coraciformes Roller, Green Bee-eater. 2 Pelecaniformes Great Egret, Cattle Egret. 2 Psittaciformes Parrot 1 Anseriformes Duck 1 Bucerotiformes Hoope 1 Accipitriformes Eagle 1 Strigiformes Owl 1 Struthioniformes Ostrich 1 RESULT 27

30. Number of birds:- Number of genera in different order:- 28

31. During present study total 23 species belonging to 23 genera and 20 families were identified number of species found in our study is 23 . Maximum number of species observed are seen in side the garden area of the village 17 species ( 75 %). In home garden 6 species ( 25 %) is seen. Magpie, koel , baya , roller, laughing dove, myna, cattle egret, hoopoe, great egret, green bee eater, owl, black drango is dominant in the garden area of village and house sparrow, crow, parrot, hen, cock, pigeon is dominant in the garden area of home. A garden is an environment created by a gardener that serves as a sustainable haven for surrounding wildlife. A place for birds to eat and take shelter will increase the number of birds in the garden, which play a key role in biological pest control. Not only will food and shelter in crease the survival rate of birds but it will also ensure that they are healthy enough for a successful breeding season. DISCUSSION 29

32. CHARACTER OF AQUATIC BIRD – (1) Most seabird have flexible webbed feet that help them be powerful swimmers or hel propel them across the water to gain speed for take off. (2) Some species have strong claws o their feet to help with fishing as well. (3) Wing shape sea birds wings are specially shaped for their unique flight needs . (4) These adaptations include to feed in water and the ability to dive from the surface or the air to catch prey in water. (5) Webbed feet for swimming and waterproof feather. (6) Larger species with long legs and great height also possess long flexible necks that allow them to reach food below the water surface. 30

33. CHARACTER OF TERRESTRIAL BIRD – These bird also prefer to freeze, walk, or when threatened rather than taking flight. Terrestrial birds usually have strong, powerful legs which allow them to outrun predators. Feathers are made of keratin. Arboreal bird spend most of their time in trees and dense foliage. Aminiote egg are encased in hard, calcium containing shells. Birds have lungs and air sacs are not sites of gas exchange. Gizzard strong. CONCLUSION We conclude that species spatial distributions are directly effected by global warming and subsequently climate change. evidence found specifically from birds show that there is a correlation between bird population characteristics and alterations in climate factors such as temperature and precipitation. 31

34. REFERENCE 32 (Bibliography) of Indian Birds:- Lepage , Denis ( 1 July 2016 ). "Checklist of birds of India". Avibase bird checklists of the world. Retrieved 24 August 2019 . Gogoi , Deborshee & Phukan , Porag Jyoti ( 2016 ). "White-browed Crake Amaurornis cinerea in maguri-Motapung Beel , Assam, India: A new species for South Asia". Indian Birds. 11 ( 3 ): 79–80 . Praveen, J; Jayapal , Rajah & Pittie , Aasheesh . ( 2016 ). A checklist of the birds of India. Indian Birds. 11 ( 5 & 6): 113–172 . Remsen, J.V.Jr ( 2016 ) rapid assessment program for assigning species rank. Journal of field ornithology. Remsen,J.V.Jr ( 2015 ) .Review of HBW and Birdlife International illustrated checklist of the birds of the world volume. Dunn, J. C.; Buchanan, G. M.; Cuthbert, R. J.; Whittingham , M. J. & McGowan, P. J. K. ( 2015 ). "Mapping the potential distribution of the Critically Endangered Himalayan Quail Ophrysia superciliosa using proxy species and species distribution modelling ". Bird Conservation International. 25 ( 4 ) : 1–13 . doi: 10.1017 /S 095927091400046 X. Delany, S.; Garbutt , D.; Williams, C.; Sulston, C.; Norton, J. & Denby , C. ( 2014 ). "The Southampton University Ladakh Expeditions 1976–1982 : Full details of nine

35. species previously unrecorded in India and four second records". Indian Birds. 9 (1): 1–13. Khan, Asif N. ( 1 December 2013 ). "First Record of Lesser White-Fronted Goose Anser erythropus from Gujarat, India". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 110 ( 3 ): 224 . doi: 10.17087 / jbnhs / 2013 /v 110 i 3 / 94037 (inactive 2020-09-01 ). ISSN 2454-1095. Harrop , A H.; et al. ( 2013 ) The British List: A checklist of bird of Britain. "National bird of India". Know India. Govt. of India. Retrieved 2 December 2007 . Clements,J F. ( 2007 ). The Clements checklist of bird of the world. Roller :- Barya,M ( 2000 ). shghtings of the European Roller. Dalgliesh , G.( 1911 ).Roller catching its prey in the water, Gupta , s.( 1976 ): Indian Rollers, black Drango etc. Sing , B.( 200 ):- chance insights into the behaviour of woodpeckers. Raza ,R.H.( 1993 ):- sighting of black Bulbul Hypsipetes madagascariensis (P.L.S. Muller) in gaya , Bihar J.bombay Nat. Kirkpatrick k.M .( 1950 ):- peculiar roosting site of the house swift . ( sparrows)( crows,Magpies ):- Bulu Iman , ARH( 1997 ) Third golden crows in Hazaribagh . Ducks :- Desai, J.H ( 1971 ): Note on breeding of Ruddy shelduck Tadorna ferruginea (Pallas) at Delhi zoological park J.bombay nat. 33

36. Pigeons and Doves :- Donahue J.p .( 1962 ): speed of flight of birds. Parrots :- bhargava , R and F Hanfree ( 1996 ). Cuckoo's :- Bagwell purefoy , A.E.( 1947 ): The koel as an egg - stealen J.Bombay nat. Woodpeckers :- Ganguli , U.( 1962 ): The wryneck. Myna :- Desai J.H.and A.k . Malhotra ( 1998 ) Behaviour and breeding biology of pied myna and common myna. Owl :- Dodsworth , P.T.L.( 1913 ) The Himalayan wood owl. Hoopoes :- Dhanze , J.R.( 1977 ) A brief observation regarding the migration of Hoopoes. 34

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