birth injuries.pdf this topic use for nursing students subject in child health nursing

this topic is birth injury of newborn baby is very usefull topic for nursing students,

1. Dr. AjeemKhan
Vice-Principale
Department of Nursing
P.K. University
Birth Injury of Newborn Baby

2. .Sometimesduringthebirthprocess,thebabymaysufferaphysicalinjurythatissimply
theresultofbeingborn.Thisissometimescalledbirthtraumaorbirthinjury.Birth
injuriesarephysicalharmtoafetusorneonateduringlaboranddelivery,rangingfrom
minor(bruises,scalpswelling)tosevere(braindamage,fractures
Birthinjuryareincluded:

3. .•Hematoma:Aheadinjurycausesbloodtoaccumulatewithinthebrainor
betweenthebrainandtheskull.Themostcommoncauseofahematomais
injuryortrauma.Itscharacterizeheadache,weaknessononeside,difficulty
speakingconfusion,seizures,backpain,weakness,
•Treatmentofhematomadependsonthelocation,symptoms,andclinical
situation.

4. .•Erb'spalsy:isaformofobstetricbrachialplexuspalsy.Itoccurswhenthere's
aninjurytothebrachialplexus,specificallytheupperbrachialplexusatbirth.
duetolossofthelateralrotatorsoftheshoulder,armflexors,andhandextensor
muscles.

5. .
Treatment:
Somebrachialplexusinjuriesmayhealwithouttreatment.Manychildrenwho
areinjuredduringbirthimproveorrecoverby3to4monthsofage,althoughit
maytakeuptotwoyearstorecover.Fortunately,between80%to90%of
childrenwithsuchinjurieswillattainnormalornearnormalfunction.

6. .•Caputsuccedaneum.Caputisasignificantswellingofthesofttissuesofthe
baby'sscalp.Thisdevelopsasthebabytravelsthroughthebirthcanal.Some
babieshavesomebruisingofthearea.There'snotreatmentforcaput
succedaneum,andit'snotdangerous—ittypicallyclearsuponitsown.And
whileitmaycauseyourbabyslightdiscomfort,itdoesnotcauseseverepain,
nordoesitrequireanyspecialcarebyparents.

7. .•Fractures.Fractureoftheclavicleorcollarboneisthemostcommonfracture
duringlaboranddelivery.Theclaviclemaybreakwhenthereistrouble
deliveringthebaby'sshoulderorduringabreechdelivery.

8. .•Cerebralpalsy:isagroupofdisordersthataffectthebrain’scontrolover
musclesandthenervoussystem.Cerebralpalsyiscausedbybraindamage
shortlybeforeorduringbirth.
•Thisbraininjuryaffectsdifferentareasofthebodyanddoesnotimproveor
worsenovertime,butmaycauseadditionalhealthcomplications.

9. .•Facialparalysis.Duringlabororbirth,pressureonababy'sfacemayinjurethe
facialnerve.Thismayalsooccurwhenforcepsareusedfordelivery.Theinjury
isoftenseenwhenthebabycries.Thereisnomovementonthesideoftheface
withtheinjuryandtheeyecan’tbeclosed.Ifthenervewasonlybruised,the
paralysisusuallyimprovesinafewweeks.Ifthenervewastorn,surgerymay
beneeded.

10. .Newbornjaundice:Jaundiceisaverycommonconditionfoundinabout60%of
newbornbabies.Jaundiceiscausedbyabuildupofbilirubin.Thissubstancecan
yellowthebaby’sskinandthewhitesoftheireyes.
Mostcasesofjaundiceareharmlessandeasilytreatedwithlighttherapyto
breakdownandremovebilirubinfromthebaby’sblood.Severecasesmay
requireabloodtransfusion.
Childrenmaybeatahigherriskforjaundiceiftheyarebornbefore38weeks,

11. .•Kernicterus:Kernicterusisaveryrareformofbraindamagecausedby
untreatedseverenewbornjaundice.Theconditioniscausedbyhighlevelsof
bilirubinintheblood,leadingtotoxiclevelsinthebrain.
•Kernicterusonlyaffectsabout1in44,000newbornsindevelopedcountries
becausejaundiceisusuallytreatedbeforeitdevelopsintokernicterus.

12. .•Softtissueandskininjuries:Softtissueandskininjuriesinvolvedamagetomuscles,tendons,
ligaments,andtheskinitself,resultingfromtraumaoroveruse.Commonexamplesincludesprains,
strains,andbruises,whichcanrangefrommildtosevere.Initialtreatmentformanyminorinjuries
involvestheRICEprotocol(Rest,Ice,Compression,andElevation),butsevereinjuriesmayrequire
professionalmedicalattention.

13. .Causes
•Large babies.Birthweight over about 4kg.
•Prematurity.Babies born before 37 weeks.
•Cephalopelvicdisproportion.The size and shape of the mother's pelvis is not adequate
for the baby to be born vaginally.
•Dystocia.Difficult labor or childbirth.
•Prolonged labor.
•Maternal obesity.
•Abnormal birthing presentation.breech delivery.

14. .Sign and symptom
•While crying.
•Difficult suckling, eating, or swallowing.
•Excessive drooling.
•Hand curled into claw-like shape.
•High-pitched crying.
•Low heart rate.
•Low oxygen levels.

15. .•Poor hand-mouth and hand-eye coordination.
•Stiff muscles (hypertonia).
•Intellectual disabilities.
•Loss of bodily movements (ataxia).
•Sensitivity to light.
•Weak reflexes.
•Loose or stiff muscles.

16. .Diagnosis
1.Blood tests.
2.Diagnostic imaging-ultrasound,CT scansorX-rays
3.A physical exam.

17. .Management
•Physical therapy. Brachial plexus injuries can benefit from physical therapy.
•Surgery. In some cases, surgery might be necessary Surgery can also stop blood from
accumulating inside your baby’s skull and pressing on their brain.
•Monitoring and waiting. Many birth injuries heal on their own.
•Occupational therapy: Occupational therapycan help children that struggle with daily tasks such
as eating, bathing, reading, writing, brushing their teeth, and getting dressed.
•Medications: Medicationscan also be used to treat pain and other conditions such as swelling,
spasticity, incontinence, and seizures.
•Assistive devices: Assistive devicesmay be needed if a child has difficulties with physical
movement.

18. .Nursing Management
•Assess and monitor:Closely monitor the infant's vital signs and assess for signs of injury.
•Protect the eyes:For facial nerve injuries, nurses should protect the affected eye with antiseptic
ointment,
•Immobilize fractures:For broken bones like a clavicle, use immobilization techniques.
•Manage pain and swelling:Administer prescribed medications to manage pain and swelling.
•Provide nutritional support:For injuries that affect feeding, provide alternative feeding methods
like a nasogastric.
•Support development:Monitor developmental milestones.
•Adaptive equipment:Provide adaptive equipment like wheelchairs, leg braces.
•Educate parents:Provide parents with information about their baby's specific injury,
•Encourage advocacy:Support parents in advocating for their child's needs with the healthcare
team.