Black gram.ppt Black gram, also known as urad or urd bean, is an important pulse crop grown in India

Shiv Singh Yadav And Sapna Yadav
Study - Chandra shekhar Azad university of Agriculture and technology , Kanpur

1. BLACK GRAM ( Vigna mungo ) By – Shiv Singh Yadav THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

2. Black gram urd bean urad bean black lentil black matpe bean Common names    THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

3. COUNTRY Area (lakh ha) Production(lakh ton) Productivity (kg/ha) India 37.52 24.9 602.3708 Myanmar 7.01 8.23 890 Bangladesh 6.21 6.65 872 Pakistan 5.94 5.8 514 Australia 4.12 7.9 912 World 81.32 70.61 671 RECENT DATA (WORLD) In Pakistan, India and Bangladesh it is mainly grown as pulse crop. It is mainly grown as fodder crop in USA and Australia.

4. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

5. STATES Area (lakh ha) Production (lakh ton) Productivity (kg/ha) Madhya Pradesh 16.5 13.20 451.69 Uttar Pradesh 6.14 3.37 518 Rajasthan 5.40 3.15 514.91 Maharashtra 4.84 3.13 568.70 Tamil Nadu 4.06 3.01 507.94 All India 50.31 32.84 537 RECENT DATA IN INDIA THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

6. Black Gram ( Urd bean) is consumed in the form of dal (whole or split , husked and unhusked ) or parshed . It is used as a nutritive fodder especially for milch cattle. Green manuring crop It is grown primarily for its protein rich seeds. It contributes 13% in total pulses area and 10% in total pulse production in India. This crop is extensively grown in MP ,Maharashtra, A.P, Tamil Nadu. IMPORTANCE There are three types of Urad Dal : Whole  urad split black  urad  with skin and split washed white  urad THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

7. Carbohydrate 58.9% Protein 25.2% Water 10.8% Fat 1.6% Calcium 138 mg Iron 7.57mg NUTRIENT CONTENT THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

8. According to Zokovskij (1962 ) urd originated in India from P. sublobatous –its wild progenitor. Black gram was most probably domesticated in India from its wild ancestral type. In Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, it is grown as a pulse crop. It is grown in the United States and Australia mainly as a fodder crop. ORIGIN AND HISTORY THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

9. It is grown in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan ,Burma, Ceylon. In Northern India ,it is grown in Kharif ,and summer season while in South India it is grown in Rabi season . It is cultivated over an area of about 5.031 million hectares with total production of about 3.284 million tonnes . AREA AND DISTRIBUTION THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

10. Kingdom – Plantae Division- Spermatophyte Sub-division- Angiosperm Class- dicotyledon Family- Fabaceae Sub-family- Papilionaceae Genus- Vigna Sub-genus- Ceratoropis Species- mungo CLASSIFICATION THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

11. According to Bose(1932) Vigna mungo is subdivided into two subspecies. V. mungo var. niger : It includes varieties which mature early and have told of black colour . V.mungo viridis:It includes varieties having longer maturity period . Seed are of small size and green colour . A number of types with distinguishing characters on the basis of seed, flower and pod colours are met with. Variation in seed colour may be black or dark brown. All the types have 2n=24 chromosomes CONT…. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

12. Plant is an erect or sub erect diffusely branched herbaceous annual . Stem is 20 to 80 cm long, trailing type. Leaves are trifoliate with long petiole. Pods are dark brown at maturity and erect to sub erect. Seeds are oblong with square ends, mostly black, green seeds are also found . Flowers – are bisexual, papilionaceous , small. Bracteoles are linear to lanceolate , exceeding the calxy . MORPHOLOGY

13. Calyx- is campanulate , it include sepals. Corolla- is yellow in colour (5 petals), standard is 12-16 mm wide, 2 wings petal is about as long as s tandard, 2 keel petals spirally coiled with a terminal h orn-like appendages. Stamens- are 10 in number , 9 united and 1 is free ( diadelphous ) CONT….. The seed are generally black or very dark brown. There are four to ten seed in the pod. Pollination occurs at bud stage. It is a self pollinated crop. The occurrence of natural polination is less than 5%. Natural crop pollination is mainly by insects.

14. Characters Green gram Black gram Stem Mostly erect/sub erect Mostly spreading/prostrate Leaves Mostly green/dark green Mostly yellowish green Stipules Broad and ovate Narrow and falcate Pubescence Plant sparsely pubescent Densely pubescent Seeds Medium and globose Large and oblong Hilum Flat Concave Cotyledon Dirty yellow White Difference b/w Green gram & Black gram THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

15. It is basically a warm weather crop, chiefly grown during the kharif season. It tolerates drought and is heat tolerant but is susceptible to frost. It is generally grown in areas which receive about 800 mm rainfall per year. It is not suitable for wet tropics. It is grown in summer and rainy season in northern India. Heavy and continuous rain at the time of germination and flowering are harmful for the crops. CLIMATIC REQUIREMENT THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

16. Varieties Parentage Year of release Duration (days) Yield ( rainfed kg/ha ) Yield (irrigated kg/ha ) features APK 1 ADT1 X RU1 1993 76 - 940 Rainfed crop for intercropping with cotton K1 CO3 X VS 131 1994 70-75 707 - YMV resistant Vamban 2 Culture – VBG3 1996 65 700 1074 YMV resistant Vamban 3 LBG402 X LBG 17 2000 65-70 775 900 YMV resistant VBN4 CO 4 X PDU 102 2003 75-80 780 900 YMV resistant VBN 5 Vamban1 X UK 17 2006 65-70 820 - High yielder CO 6 DU2 X VB 20 2010 60-65 - 877 Rot resistant VARIETIES released by NPRC, Vamban

17. VBN 6 VBN 1 X Vigna Mungo var. silvestris 2011 65-70 850 890 High yield and YMV resistant VBN 7 VBN3 X V. mungo var. silvestris 2012 65-70 882 961 High yield and powdery mildew MDU ! ADB 2003 X VBG 66 2014 70-75 - 790 High yield and leaf crinkle resistant VBN 8 VBN3 X VBG 04-008 2016 65-70 870 990 High yield and YMV resistant VBN 9 Mash 114 X V 3 2019 70-75 1230 - YMV resistant VBN 10 Vamban1 X UH 04-04 2019 70-75 - 1130 YMV resistant, leaf curl resistant VBN 11 PU 31 X CO 6 2020 70-75 865 940 YMV resistant

18. FOR BUNDELKHAND REIGON Variety Source Year of release Yield (Q/ha) Days to maturity Features Narendra Urad-1 NDUAT 1993 10.0 70 YMV resistant Azad Urad-1 CSAUAT 1999 10.0 80 Spring, YMV resistant Uttara IIPR 1999 11-12 85 YMV resistant, kharif Azad Urad-2 CSAUAT 2000 10-12 70-75 YMV resistant Shekhar 2 CSAUAT 2001 11-12 70 YMV resistant , spring Sujata PORS Beahanpur 2008 15-16 80-83 YMV resistant

19. OTHER VARIETIES Variety Source Year release States Yield (q/ha) Days to maturity Features NDU-993 NDAUT 2003 NHZ 9.5 85 YMV resistant KU 96-3 CSAUAT 2003 Central zone 8.0 73 YMV resistant Goutam Berhanpur 2004 West Bengal 13-15 69-90 Cercospora leaf spot resistant Shekhar 3 CSAUAT 2004 U.P. 10 66-84 Leaf crinkle resistant Mash 1008 PAU 2004 Punjab 12 72 Early YMV resistant Gujurat urd1 SDAU 2004 Gujurat 12 late Powdery mildew resistant AKU-15 PDKV 2006 Maharashtra 10-12 65-83 Tolerant to PM

20. Lam 709 ANGRAU 2006 Andhra Pradesh 14 Medium YMV tolerant Pant Urd 31 Central 2008 UP, Tripura, A.P., Bihar, Odisha 15 75-80 YMV resistant Pant Urd 40 Central 2008 Rajasthan, Uttarakhand 14-15 70-75 Short duration variety Prasad Central 2008 UP, TN, Odisha 12-14 60-65 Short duration variety IPU 02-43 IIPR, Kanpur 2009 AP, Odisha , Karnataka, TN 9-11 75 YMV and PM resistant KU 99-21 CSAUT 2009 Punjab, Haryana, UP 10-11 70-75 Kharif season Mash 479 PAU 2010 Punjab. Haryana, UP 12 82 YMV & PM resistant UPU 00-31 Palampur 2010 Himachal Pradesh 14-16 75 YMV, leaf crinkle, Anthracnose resistant

21. Mash 391 PAU 2011 AP, Odisha , TN, Karnataka 8.0 71 YMV resistant, Leaf crinkle resistant. UH 1 CSSHAU 2011 Haryana 11 73 YMV resistant VBN TNAU 2012 AP, Odisha , Karnataka, TN 8 63-90 YMV and PM resistant VBN 6 NPRC 2012 Tamil Nadu 9 69 YMV resistant Vishwas Pachora (MS) 2012 Maharashtra, MP, UP, Rajasthan 10 69-73 Tolerant to major disease Germplasm diversity needs to be exploited to obtain suitable cultivars for Africa.

22. Kharif of urd bean is sown in the last week of June to early July. The crop is mainly grown under rainfed conditions. In case of summer urdbean sowing may be started in the last week of February till the end of March. Plantings beyond March may be caught by monsoon rain in the second fortnight of June and result in drastic yield reduction. Seed should be sown 4-5 c.m . beneath the soil surface. Fertilizers should be placed 7c.m. beneath the soil. The germination of seed is of epigeal type. SOWING

23. During rainy season, the crop is generally sown by broadcasting the seed followed by planking. Sowing could be done in rows with the help of local plough at the distance of 30-45 cm depend upon variety and sowing time. A seed rate of about 12-15 kg/ha is sufficient depend upon the variety. Urdbean is an important crop in rice fallows in South India. 4okg seed rate kg/ha was optimum for urdbean in rice fallows. Soaking of seeds before planting did not show beneficial effect over by dry seeds. During summer season vegetative growth of urdbean is comparatively less, hence higher plant population. Summer crop should be sown at a row distance of 25 cm with a seed rate of 25-30 kg/ha. Sowing could be done behind the local plough or with the help of seed drill. SEED RATE & SPACING

24. Before sowing seed should be treated with Agrosan GN or Thiram @ 2.5 g/kg of seed. Seed should be also inoculated with suitable Rhizobium culture. If black gram is being taken for the first time in the field or after a long duration. SEED TREATMENT

25. Black gram is grown mixed with the sorghum, maize, pearl millet, and cotton crops during rainy season. Black gram- Chickpea Maize/sorghum- black gram Soybean- black gram Sesamum - black gram Pigeon pea+ green gram- black gram Rice- black gram The crop rotation recommended for the Bundelkhand reigon is :- Black gram- Chickpea Black gram- jowar Crop rotation & Mixed Cropping

26. Control of weeds with in 2 to 3 weeks not only prevent drawn of nutrients from the soil by weeds but also conserves moisture. It helps in quick growth and development of crops. Weeding and hoeing is to be done between 25-30 days after sowing and if the weeds are still present in the field the 2 nd weeding should be done at 45 days after sowing. Chemical herbicides like Pendimethalin or Metalachlor @ 1.0-1.5 kg/ha are found very effective as post emergence. INTERCULTURE

27. The crop requires 20-25 kg nitrogen and about 50-60 kg potassium per hectare which should be basal placed but when it is to be grown as a mixed crop with other crops the fertilizer meeting the requirement of the main crop should be applied. DAP - Application o 70-80 kg DAP /ha is more convenient as it meets adequately the total requirement of N and P2O5. Mo - it helps in increasing crop production. However, response to P2O5 application is higher in red soils followed by that on laterite soils. Potassic fertilizers should be applied as per soil test value. In case soil test facilities are not available one can apply 30-40 kg k2O/ha. The fertilizers should be drilled at the time of sowing in such a way that they are placed about 5-7 cm below the seed. S - Application of sulphur @ 20 kg/ha improved the grain yield by 226 kg/ha compared to control. In pulses there is not any special requirement of Potassium(K2O). NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

28. Field is prepared by one ploughing with mould board plough and followed by 2-3 harrowing followed by planking. The field should be well levelled and free from weeds. To ensure good germination pre sowing irrigation should be given. FIELD PREPARATION

29. The crop cannot tolerate long dry spell and therefore irrigations are very useful for urd . The crop should be irrigated at flowering and pod filling stages but the water should not accumulate in the field. One pre sowing irrigation at the time of seed bed preparation is required to ensure good germination, if the land is dry. Black gram is grown purely as a rainfed crop during kharif and on residual moisture in rice-fallows during rabi . In case there is a very long dry spell the crop is benefitted if only one irrigation is applied. Number and frequency of irrigation depends upon the soil type and weather prevailing during the growth period. Generally the crop should get irrigated at a interval of 10-15 days. WATER MANAGEMENT

30. When black gram is grown as intercrop with sorghum, pigeonpea , pearlmillet etc , the inter-culture given to the main crop is adequate. When sown as a sole crop 1 or 2 weedings are required in the initial stages to keep the field free from weeds. However one weeding 30-40 days after sowing is found to be enough. The pre emergence application of Basalin @ 1kg a.i /ha in 800-1000 litres of water keeps the field free from weeds for the first 50 days and there after crop smothers the weeds. It should be well incorporated in the soil before sowing. Crop requires two hand weedings at 20 and 45 days after sowing but if hand weeding is not possible pre emergence application of Lasso at the rate of 1.5 litres a,i /ha keeps the field weed free upto 50 days there after crop smothers the weeds. WEED MANAGEMENT

31. Echinochloa colona ------ ------ Digitaria sanguinalis Problematic Weeds

32. Amaranthus viridis ------- ------- Trianthema portulacastrum Cont …..

33. Anilofos 30% EC Aniliogld Pre-emergence Atrazine 50% WP Atragold Pre-emergence Butachlor 50% EC Chemchlor Pre- emegence Glyphosate 41% SL Glysil Post-emergence Metribuzin 70% WP Senate Pre- emeregence or post emergence Oxyflourfen 23.5% EC Refree Pre-emergence Trifuralin 48% EC Tornado Pre- emergence SOME HERBICIDES

34. There are several important diseases of moong and urd - yellow mosaic, mosaic mottle, leaf crinkle, seed and seedling rot, Cercospora leaf spot, anthracnose and charcoal rot Yellow mosaic virus This disease is wide spread in Uttar Pradesh as well as in other states of Northern India. The symptoms of the disease appear within a month after sowing. These are first visible in the form of yellow, diffused, round spots scattered on the leaf lamina. These spots expand rapidly and the leave show yellow patches alternating with green color of leaves. The newly emerging leaves, after initial symptoms, show these symptoms right from the beginning. The affected leaves later turn completely and get reduced in size. DISEASE MANAGEMENT

35. CONTROL MEASURES The best method to control this disease is to grow resistant varities like TNAU Blackgram (maturing at 65-70 days ), IPU94-1( Uttara ), Shekhar 3(KU 309), Ujala (OBJ 17), Pratap urd 1 etc. Spray the crop twice or thrice with insecticides. These include Oxydemeton methyl (0.1%) + Melathion (0.1%) at 10days interval. The first spray should be given as soon as the symptoms appear in the crop. Mosaic mottle The symptoms of the disease appear in the form of irregular light green areas, alternating with normal green areas. The leaves emerging after the initial symptoms become deformed, reduced in size and their margins show upward rolling. Later , these young leaves show the raising of the interveinal areas appearing in the form of blisters .  

36.   CONTROL MEASURES Avoid sowing of seeds obtained from diseased plants since the virus is seed-borne. Grow resistant varities . Keep the plants free from aphids which can transmits the virus from diseased to healthy plants. Spray 0.1% Oxydemeton methyl after the first symptoms are noticed . Leaf Crinkle The symptoms are visible first in the third leaf after three to four weeks of sowing. These are characterized by enlargement of leaves followed by their crinkling. Later the leaves become thicker and leathery. The affected plants, however do not die till the harvest of the crop.   CONTROL MEASURES Sow the seed obtained from healthy plants only. Rogue the diseased plants as soon as they occur, to prevent further spread of the disease in the field.

37. Leaf Curl It is a viral disease. The initial symptoms of the disease are seen within the three weeks of sowing as chlorosis around the lateral vein near the leaf margin in young plants The affected leaves show curling of margins downwards while the veins on the under surface of the leaf show reddish brown discoloration. Such plants can be recognized by their typical plant growth.   CONTROL MEASURES Spray the crop with 0.1% Oxydemeton methyl. Two to three sprays at 10days intervals are sufficient.

38. Seedling and seedrot Several fungi including Fusarium sp., Pythium sp., Rhizoctoniasolani have been held responsible for seed and seedling rot . The disease can be easily recognized by the poor germination and stand. There is initiation of rotting of seed because of the fungi . There is seedlings also rot and finally die resulting in poor stand.   CONTROL MEASURES To control the seed and seedling rot the best way to get clean seed from a healthy crop and treat it with fungicides like Thiram at the rate of 2.5g per kg of seed.

39. Anthracnose This disease is caused by fungus, Colletorichum capsica . The disease is initially characterized by the production of dark brown circular spots. Later the spots increase in size by developing concentric ridges . The areas in between the concentric ridges remain ash colored . The infection may also spread to pods where dark colored spots are visible on them.   CONTROL MEAURES This disease can be controlled by planting healthy seeds. The fungicides like mancozeb 75WP or zineb are also effective. Spray 2 kg of either of these fungicides in 1000 litres of water per hectare.

40. Cercospora Leaf Spot This disease is caused by two species of Cercospora fungus. It is the most important fungal disease of moong crop . In the disease condition , small round spots violet red in color may be observed These spots can be recognized by their grey colored centre . Such spots are also visible or pods and the affected pods become blackened.   CONTROL MEASURES Spray the zineb or mancozeb 75WP at the rate of 2 kg in 1000 litres of water per hectare. The first spray should be given as soon as the initial symptoms of the disease are visible. This should be followed by a second spray 10 days later.

41. Hairy Caterpillar Three species of hairy caterpillars may cause severe damage to urd crop , by eating away all the matter of leaves . The adult moths of these caterpillars lay eggs in large clusters and the young larvae are also congregated . The red hairy caterpillar may damage the crop at seedling stage. Damage can be very severe. Sometimes re-sowing may be necessary. CONTROL MEASURES Collect and destroy the eggs and young larvae. The young caterpillar can also be killed by dusting 2% methyl parathion dust at the rate of 25-30 kg per hectare. For full grown caterpillar spray 1.5 litres Endosulfan in 1000 litres of water per hectare. PESTS MANAGEMENT

42. Galerucid Beetle This beetle is one of the most pests of moong . The insect avoids sunlight and cause more damage during dusk and night . It hides under debris and loose soil during the day time. The adult beetle stipples the leaves with small and more or less circular holes. CONTROL MEASURES A basal application of Phorate granules at the rate of 10 kg per hectare is effective.

43. Leaf Hopper The adults and n ymphs of this hopper suck the juice from the leaves . Generally the insect sap from the lower surface of the leaves but also occasionally from the upper surface . As a result of sucking the sap, the leaves turn brown and curl from the edge . CONTROL MEASURES Give basal application of Phorate 10%granules at the rate of 10 kg per hectare. Spray the crop with Monocrotophos 36EC at the rate of 1ml/liter of water.

44. Jassids The adults and nymphs of the insect suck the sap from the leaves and the damage is more severe when the plants are young . The leaves are crumpled and the plants look sick . CONTROL MEASURES The control measure suggested for leaf hoppers also hold good for protecting the crop for this insect.

45. HARVESTING & THRESHING Urd should be harvested when most of the pods turn black. Over maturity may result in shattering . Harvested crop should be dried on threshing floor for few days and then threshed . Threshing can be done either manually or by trampling under the feet of bullocks.

46. Harvesting ------ Threshing ------

47. A well-managed crop as indicate above may produce about 12-15 quintals of grain per hectare.   YIELD

48. Chromosome No. 2n= 22 1 st urd bean variety released in which year? 1948 Mutant Varieties Co 1 and Sarla Spring Season Varieties Prabha , AKU 4, Krishnayya 1 st Urd bean released Variety T9 Yield qt /ha 10-12 Spacing 40 cm X 10 cm Important Questions

49. Havenly Miss. Sapna Study- CSAUAT , Kanpur Shiv Singh Yadav Study – Banda University Of Agriculture and technology Bnada , THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586 Communication Series

50. MODERN TECHNIQUES OF RAISING FIELD CROPS- CHHIDDA SINGH, PREM SINGH ,RAJBIR SINGH TEXT BOOK OF FIELD CROP PRODUCTION BY RAJENDRA PRASAD DATA – AGROPEDIA ( ANNUAL REPORTS ON PULSES CROPS (2017-2018)) www.Agropedia.iitk.ac.com www.ikisan.com www.icar.org www.nprc.org REFRENCES www.feedipedia.org www.slideshare.net www.wikipedia.org http://mkisan.gov.in