Bladder cancer| AHN | ppt | pdf | 4th sem

This is the standard ppt of bladder cancer prepare by a 4th sem bsc nursing student from iust awantipora.
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Ubair mushtaq

1. BLADDER CANCER Prepared by Ubair Mushtaq B.Sc (N) 4 th sem

2. Anatomy of Normal Bladder

3. DEFINITION Bladder cancer is a malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelial lining (urothelium) of the urinary bladder, characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells that may invade the bladder wall and metastasize to distant organs.

4. Epidemiology

5. ETIOLOGY Chemical & Smoking The etiology is primarily linked to exposure to environmental and chemical carcinogens that are concentrated in the urine. Chemical Carcinogens:
Aromatic Amines: These are highly toxic chemicals used in industries such as dye, rubber, leather, plastics, and textiles. Mechanism : When these chemicals are inhaled or absorbed through the skin, they are metabolized by the liver. The metabolites are then excreted by the kidneys and stored in the urine, where they have a prolonged, damaging effect on the bladder’s urothelial cells.

6. Smoking : Tobacco smoking is the single greatest risk factor, responsible for approximately 50% of all bladder cancer cases. Mechanism : Tobacco smoke contains over 60 identified carcinogens. These compounds are absorbed into the bloodstream from the lungs, filtered by the kidneys, and accumulate in the bladder, causing direct DNA damage and cellular mutation over time.

7. Etiology Chronic Irritation and Inflammation: Long-term inflammation of the bladder from conditions like repeated urinary tract infections (UTIs), chronic use of indwelling urinary catheters, or bladder stones. Mechanism : Chronic inflammation can lead to metaplasia (a change in cell type), increasing the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma, a less common but often more aggressive form of bladder cancer. Genetic Predisposition :
A family history of bladder cancer or specific inherited genetic mutations (e.g., related to drug-metabolizing enzymes) can increase an individual’s susceptibility. This suggests that some people are genetically less able to detoxify carcinogens, making them more vulnerable to the disease.

8. Risk Factors

9. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

10. Bladder cancer stages

11. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS Painless Hematuria (Blood in Urine): The hallmark sign, occurring in about 80% of cases. The urine may appear bright red, pink, or rusty brown. Sometimes it’s only detectable microscopically in a urinalysis. Dysuria Urinary Frequency Urinary Urgency

12. Advanced Disease Symptoms Lower back pain (unilateral)
Pelvic pain
Weight loss, fatigue, or anorexia
Bone pain (if bone metastasis has occurred)

13. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION History & Physical Examination Lab Tests:
Urinalysis: To detect the presence of blood, a key indicator.
Urine Cytology: A microscopic examination of urine cells for abnormalities.

14. Cystoscopy : This is the definitive procedure. A cystoscope is inserted through the urethra to visually inspect the bladder’s interior. Biopsies of suspicious lesions are taken during this procedure Primary Diagnostic Tool

15. STAGING AND METASTASIS ASSESSMENT CT Urogram: A specialized CT scan with contrast dye to visualize the entire urinary tract.
CT Scan (abdomen/pelvis), MRI, Chest X-ray, Bone Scan: Used to determine the extent (stage) of the cancer and check for spread to other organs.

16. Radiation Therapy :
Can be used as a primary treatment for patients who are not surgical candidates or in combination with chemotherapy to preserve the bladder

17. Surgical Management Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor (TURBT): Purpose: The primary treatment for early-stage (non-muscle-invasive) bladder cancer. It is both diagnostic and therapeutic, as the tumor is resected and sent for pathology.

18. Cystectomy Purpose: The gold standard for treating muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
Partial Cystectomy: Removal of a portion of the bladder.
Radical Cystectomy: Removal of the entire bladder and surrounding lymph nodes and organs (prostate in men, uterus/ovaries in women).

19. Urinary Diversion Urinary Diversion:
Ileal Conduit: A non-continent diversion where a piece of the ileum is used to create a stoma (opening) on the abdomen to drain urine into an external bag.
Continent Diversion: An internal pouch is created to store urine, which the patient drains at intervals via a catheter.

20. NURSING MANAGEMENT Patient & Family Education: Educate on disease, treatment, and self-care. Address common fears and concerns.
Holistic Patient Care:
Pre-operative: Prepare the patient physically and mentally for surgery. Provide emotional support and address fears about body image.
Post-operative: Closely monitor for complications like hemorrhage and infection. Manage pain, fluid balance, and provide specialized care for wounds and stomas.
Long-Term: Reinforce self-care instructions for home. Emphasize the importance of follow-up care and support groups.

21. BIBLIOGRAPHY Hinkle JL, Cheever KH. Brunner & Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing. 14 th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2024. p. 1290-1295.
Thomas K. Medical-Surgical Nursing. Volume I and II. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2024. p. 324-326.
National Cancer Institute. Bladder Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version. Published March 16, 2023. Accessed August 25, 2025. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/bladder/patient/bladder-treatment-pdq
American Cancer Society. Bladder Cancer. Accessed August 25, 2025. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bladder-cancer.html https://youtu.be/DzByg7pTbIA?si=jh3lyyMzbFFC-Z_1

22. Thank you Delivered by : Ubair Mushtaq B.sc N 4 th sem