BLOOD & ITS COMPOSITION. DMLT MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY pptx

BLOOD & ITS COMPOSITION

1. BLOOD & ITS COMPOSITION PRESENTED BY PUNAM SAHOO

2. WHAT IS BLOOD ?? Blood  is a  body fluid  in the  circulatory system  of  humans  and other  vertebrates  that delivers necessary substances such as  nutrients  and  oxygen  to the  cells , and transports  metabolic waste products  away from those same cells. Blood is a red vascular connective tissue . It forms 7% of the total body weight . Generally 90ml per kg of blood is present in human body .It is somewhat sticky and slightly heavier than water , having ph. 7.4 ( slightly alkaline ). It is red colour due to the presence of haemoglobin, haemoglobin is a colour pigment.

3. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD

4. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD Blood is composed of 2 components. Blood cells (cellular part)-45% Plasma ( non-cellular part)-55% There are three types of blood cells RBC : red blood cell / erythrocyte WBC : White blood cell/ leucocyte PLATELETS : Thrombocyte

5. RBC (Erythrocyte) Erythrocytes are red blood cells. These are bi-concave, non-nucleated, disks like cells. The central area is thin, while edges are thick. The edges contain hemoglobin, which transports respiratory gases, i.e. oxygen (O₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). .The size of RBC is 7.2-8 micron in diameter & 2-2.5micron in thickness. In a mature male, about 5 to 5.5 million per cubic mm of blood, and in females, about 4 to 4.5 million per cubic mm of blood are present. The life period of RBC is 100-120 days .

6. WBC ( Leukocyte ) These are colorless, nucleated cells. The size of WBC is 15 microns. Normally, 4,000 to 11,000 WBC per cu mm of blood are present. It has lifespan 12-20 days. WBCs mainly contribute to immunity and defence mechanism. There are two different types of WBCs, classified on the basis of presence of granules in their cytoplasm . a. Granulocyte b. Agranulocyte

7. Granulocyte These are characterized by presence of granules in their cytoplasm. These cells are produced in bone marrow. Granulocytes are classified on the basis of shape of nucleus and the dye, which they take. These are: a. Neutrophil b. Basophil c. Eosinophil.

8. Neutrophil Neutrophil is also known as microphage. There are about 40 to 65% neutrophils present of total WBC. The cytoplasm is fine & full of granules that picks up only neutral dyes. hence it called neutrophil. The nucleus has about 3 to 7 lobes connected by chromatin strand or thread, so it also known as multilobed cell. The life period of neutrophil is about 3 to 5 days. It is a large cell, having diameter 12 to 15 micrometer. Neutrophils are phagocytic in nature. It helps in the destruction of bacteria with lysosome.

9. Basophil Cytoplasm of basophil contains small rounded granules, which takes up basic stain. The size is somewhat small with diameter 8 to 10 µ. The nucleus is slightly lobulated. The cytoplasmic granules are central and overlap the nucleus. The life period of basophil is 8 to 12 days. Normally, about 0.005 to 1% basophils are present . It secrete heparin that is natural anticoagulant.

10. Eosinophil Eosinophils are also known as bilobed cells, as nucleus contains two lobes connected with chromatin strand. It picks up acidic stain. These are circular in shape with diameter 10 to 12 μ. Normally, about 15 to 400 cells, i.e. about 2 to 3% of blood is present. Life period of eosinophil is 8 to 10 days. It protects the body by releasing a chemical substance, called as histamine. Histamine sets off a chain of reactions that ultimately leads to an inflammatory response at the site of infection. Therefore, in case of allergic conditions the number of eosinophil

11. AGRANULOCYTE These are characterized by the absence of granules in the cytoplasm. These cells are manufactured in lymph and spleen. Agranulocyte are of 2 types: Lymphocyte Monocyte

12. Lymhopcyte They play a vital role in producing antibodies. Their size ranges from 8 to 10 micrometers. Its about 20-40% of the total WBC. They are commonly known as natural killer cells. They play an important role in body defense. These white blood cells are colorless cells formed in lymphoid tissue, hence referred to as lymphocytes. There are two main types of lymphocytes – B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. These cells are very important in the immune systems and are responsible for humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

13. Monocyte These cells usually have a large bilobed nucleus, with a diameter of 12 to 20 micrometers. The nucleus is generally half-moon shaped or kidney-shaped and it occupies 2 to 10 per cent of WBCs. They are the garbage trucks of the immune system. The most important functions of monocytes are to migrate into tissues and clean up dead cells, protect against bloodborne pathogens and move very quickly to the sites of infections in the  tissues . These white blood cells have a single bean-shaped nucleus, hence referred to as Monocytes .

14. Identify the cells ??/

15. Platelets These are the smallest of all blood cells Platelets are spindle-shaped cells, having diameter 2 to 3 μ. These are also known as thrombocytes. Along with another coagulation factors, it helps in the process of clotting of blood. Thrombocytes are having very short life-span, it is of few hours. Normally, 1.5 to 4.5 lakh platelets per cu. mm of blood are present. These are non-nucleated cells containing very fine granules

16. PLASMA The liquid state of blood can be contributed to plasma as it makes up  ~55% of blood. It is pale yellow in color. It contain 90-92% of water Blood plasma consists of salts, nutrients, water, vitamins and enzymes. Blood plasma also contains important proteins and other components are electrolytes, gases are necessary for overall health. Hence, blood plasma transfusions are given to patients with liver failure and life-threatening injuries . Blood plasma has several protein components. Proteins in blood plasma are: Serum globulin Serum albumin Fibrinogen

17. Function of blood Transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and of carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs. Transport of metabolic wastes to the lungs, kidneys, skin and intestines for removal. Maintenance of normal acid-base balance. Transport of absorbed fatty acids, monosaccharides and amino acids. Regulation of water balance. Regulation of body temperature. Transport of hormones, vitamins and salts which contain cations such as sodium, potassium, calcium, etc. and anions such as chlorides, phosphates, sulfates. Defense against infection by the white cells and by the antibodies. To stop bleeding by clotting.