BLOOD groups and their types[1].pdf to study different kinds of blood system

blood groups

1. BLOOD GROUPS
Presented by:
NawabSadiq
Department of Physical Therapy
Islamia University Of Bahawalpur

2. How To Determine A Blood Group
Blood group type of an individual depends
upon the presence of specific antigen on the
surface of RBCs
These antigen can maybe protein or sugar
i.eantigen A , antigen B ,antigen AB

3. Test to determine blood group
.A blood sample is needed to determine an individual’s blood group.
There are two steps:
.1st The sample is mixed with blood type A and type B antibodies and
monitored to see whether the red blood cells in the blood clump
together or not.
.If there are clots, this means that the blood has reacted with one of
the antibodies.
.2nd This is called reverse typing. Here, blood plasma (without cells)
is mixed with type A or type B blood:

4. People with type A blood have type B
antibodies.
People with type B blood have type A
antibodies.
People with type O blood have both type A
and type B antibodies.

5. Types of blood groups
There are two types of blood groups
1. ABO blood group system
2. RH blood group system

6. ABO blood group system
The ABO blood group system is a classification system
used to categorize human blood into four major groups:
A, B, AB, and O. These blood groups are determined by
the presence or absence of specific antigens on the
surface of red blood cells. Here's a brief overview:

7. Type A
Individuals with type A blood have A
antigens on the surface of their RBCs
They have anti-B antibodies in their plasma
Compatible blood transfusions are type A
and O

8. Type B
Individuals with type B blood have B
antigens on the surface of their RBCs
They have anti-A antibodies in their plasma
Compatible blood transfusions are type B
and O

9. Type AB
Individuals with type AB blood have both A
and B antigens on the surface of their RBCs
They do not have antibodies in their plasma
They are universal recipients and can
receive blood from type A,B,AB and O
donors

10. Type O
Individuals with type O blood have neither
A nor B antigen in their red blood cells
They have both anti-A and ANTI-B
antibodies in their plasma
O-negative individuals are considered as
universal donors as their blood can be
transfused to individuals of any blood type

11. Inheritance of ABO Blood Group
System
The ABO blood group antigens are encoded
by one genetic locus, the ABO locus, which
has three alternative (allelic) forms—A, B,
and O.
A child receives one of the three alleles
from each parent, giving rise to six possible
genotypes and four possible blood types
(phenotypes).

12. RhBlood Group System
The Rhblood group system, also known as
Rhesus System, is another classification
system for human blood focusing on the
presence or absence of the Rhfactor
(Rhesus factor) on the surface of red blood
cells
The two main Rhblood types are Rh-
positive(+) and Rh-negative(_)

13. RhPositive (+)
Individuals with Rh-positive blood have the
Rhfactor (antigen D) on the surface of their
RBCs
They do not naturally produce anti-Rh
antibodies unless exposed to Rhnegative
blood

14. RhNegative (_)
They lack Rhfactor on the surface of their
red blood cells
Rhnegative individuals can produce anti-Rh
antibodies if exposed to Rh-positive blood

15. Inheritationof Rhfactor
The Rhfactor is inherited from parents and
its prsenceor absence is determined by
specific genes
If both parents are Rhpositive, the child will
be Rh-positive
If at least one of the parents is Rh-negative,
there is possibility that the child maybe Rh-
negative

16. Difference b/w Positive and negative
blood groups
.To establish whether the blood is Rh positive
or negative, we look at whether or not the
blood has proteins on the cell surface. If there
are proteins on the cell surface, it would be Rh
positive and if not, it would be Rh negative.

17. Examples of positive and negative
Blood Groups
If a person has antigen A on the surface of
red blood cells and the Rhfactor is aslo
present ,his blood group would be A-
positive
If the Rhfactor is absent ,blood group would
be A-negative

19. Blood Group Compatibility