Blood PPT

This ppt provides basic information and notes of blood chapter for d.pharmacy students

1. 5 . Blood Prepared by – Mr. Digambar Jadhav ( M.Pharm ) HOD Padmini College of Pharmacy, Dighanchi.

2. Blood Definition :- “ Blood is a fluid connective tissue circulated in the body.” Blood is a denser & more viscous than water Blood has a slightly alkaline pH ranging from 7.3-7.5 The average volume of blood in the adult human is about 5 liters.

3. Functions of Blood Blood supply the nutrients to each and every parts of body Transportation of gases in between lungs & cell Blood helps in transportation of hormone from site of secreation to site of requirement. Blood transport the waste product to their excretory organ. Blood helps in maintaining acid-base balance, PH of body. Blood helps in regulating body temperature. WBCs of blood protects the body against infection (disease )

4. Composition of Blood Blood consists of about 55 % of blood plasma & 45 % blood cells Blood plasma : When the blood cells are removed from the blood, a slightly yellow colored liquid remains called blood plasma.

5. Blood plasma Blood plasma consist : W ater Plasma proteins : Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen Inorganic salts : sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium Nutrients : Glucose, amino acid, fats, vitamins Waste material : Urea, uric acid, creatinine Enzymes & hormones Gases : Oxygen, carbon dioxide.

6. Blood Cell Blood consists of three types of blood cells : Erythrocytes ( red blood cells ) Leucocytes ( white blood cells ) Thrombocytes (platelets )

7. Normal values of Blood Cell Normal RBC count: Male-4.5-6.5million/mm3 Female-4.5-5million/mm3 . Normal WBC count: 4000-10,000/mm3 Normal Platelet count : 1.5 – 4.0 lacs /mm3

8. Plasma protein Protein component present in blood plasma are called as plasma proteins e.g - Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen Functions of plasma proteins : Plasma proteins are responsible for osmotic pressure of blood. They are also responsible for viscosity of blood Plasma globulin helps in the formation of antibodies which give protection against infection. Fibrinogen helps in the clotting of blood.

9. Erythrocytes or Red blood cells (RBC’s) Red blood cells are small, biconcave disc shaped cells with a diameter of 7 micrometer . The number of RBCs differs according to age, sex and physiological conditions of the body The RBC is a mass of haemoglobin enclosed in a membrane called stroma . The process of formation of erythrocytes is called as erythropoiesis.

10. Erythrocytes or Red blood cells (RBC’s) In foetal life erythrocytes are produced in liver, after birth they are produced in red bone marrow of long bones, compact bones & some irregular bones. The life span of RBCs is about 120 days & finally they are destroyed in spleen & liver.

11. Haemoglobin ( Hb ) Haemoglobin is respiratory pigment of erythrocyte. The red colour of blood is due to haemoglobin. Haemoglobin consist protein part called globin & non protein part haem ( Iron ) Hb combines with oxygen , forms oxyhaemoglobin complex. Hb combines with carbon dioxide , forms carboxyhaemoglobin complex.

12. Functions of Haemoglobin ( Hb ) Haemoglobin carries oxygen towards cells. Haemoglobin carries carbon dioxide from cells towards lung. Haemoglobin helps in the formation of bilirubin.

13. Leucocytes or White blood cells ( WBC’s ) Leucocytes ( leuco -white, cytes -cells) are the largest blood cells. It is nucleated cell. The normal value of leucocytes is 4000-10,000 cells per cubic mm of blood. Depending upon the presence of granules in their cytoplasm, they are classified as : Granulocytes Agranulocytes

14. A) Granulocytes In this type of WBC, the granules are present in the cytoplasm of the cell. They constitute about 75% of total WBC. Granulocytes are synthesized into red bone marrow. They are further classified as follows ... Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils

15. a) Neutrophils These constitute about 70% of total WBC in blood. The granules of these cells are stained with neutral dye & appear purple in colour. The nucleus of cell shows multiple lobes. Function of neutrophils is to engulf & kills microbes by phagocytosis.

16. b) Eosinophils These constitute about 4 % of total WBC in blood. The granules of these cells are stained with acidic dye & appear red in colour . It is also called as acidophils . The nucleus of cell shows two lobes. Function - Eoisnophils fight against the effect of histamine in allergic condition, phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and destroy parasitic worms

17. c ) Basophils These constitute about 1 % of total WBC in blood . The granules of these cells are stained with basic dye & appear blue in colour . Nucleus contain one lobe i.e bean shaped. Basophils liberate heparin, histamine & serotonin in allergic reactions and increases overall inflammatory response They are responsible for destruction of products of antigen and antibody reaction.

18. B ) Agranulocytes This type of WBC do not show presence of granules in their cytoplasm. They constitute about 25 % of total WBC . They are further classified as follows ... Lymphocytes ( 23 % ) Lymphocytes are smaller than monocytes & have large nuclei. These are responsible for the development of immune responses against antigens such as micro-organisms. Monocytes ( 2% ) The monocytes are large cells with large nucleus & bigger than lymphocytes. Monocytes are phagocytic in action

19. Blood groups Blood of one person is not always compatible with that of another. Hence before transfusion of blood, it must be tested for compatibility with the acceptors blood. Only compatible blood is to be transfused, if incompatible blood is transfused, agglutination of erythrocytes occurs which leads to haemolysis.

20. Blood groups Blood groups are determined by the method known as ‘ ABO blood group method .’ This method is depends on presence of antigen on the surface of RBC. These antigens are called as agglutinogens The blood groups are based on two antigens namely A and B. People whose R.B.Cs. contain only antigen A have type A blood group . Whose R.B.Cs. contain only antigen B have type B blood group .

21. Blood groups Whose R.B.Cs. contain both A and B antigen have type AB blood group. Person who have neither antigen A nor B is type O blood group. Blood plasma usually contains antibodies called agglutinins, that reacts with the A or B antigens. Individuals whose R.B.Cs. contains antigen A have Anti-B antibody. Whose R.B.Cs. contains antigen B have Anti-A antibody. Whose R.B.Cs. contains, antigen A and B have neither Anti-A nor Anti-B antibodies.

22. Blood groups P erson who have neither antigen A nor B have both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies. People with type AB blood do not have Anti-A or Anti-B antibodies in their blood plasma. They are called universal recipients because they can receive blood from donors of all four blood types. They have no antibodies to attack antigens on donated R.B.Cs. People with type O blood group have neither A nor B antigens on their R.B.Cs. They are called universal donors because they can donate blood to all four blood types.

23. Blood groups Blood group Antigen Antibody A A B B B A AB A,B No antibody O No antigen A,B

24. Blood groups Rh Blood group : There is another antigen, called ‘Rh’ present in some persons blood. This antigen named as ‘Rh’ because this antigen was found in the blood of the Rhesus monkey . People whose R.B.Cs. contains Rh antigens are called Rh positive and those who do not contain Rh antigens are called Rh negative. It has a great significance in pregnancy.

25. Blood groups If the mother is Rh - ve and the baby in the womb is Rh+ ve , the ‘Rh’ antibodies will be produced in the mothers blood & such blood flowing through the placenta into the foetus may cause haemolysis and jaundice in the baby endangering his life in the womb or soon after birth The risk become greater in successive pregnancies.

26. Blood Clotting Whenever , there is any injury to skin, blood vessels get ruptured and there is formation of rough surface on inner side of blood vessels. When blood platelets come in contact with this rough surface, they are injured, due to injury they release the substance called thromboplastin . In the presence of thromboplastin & calcium in the blood plasma prothrombin is converted into thrombin which helps in conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.

27. Blood Clotting The fibrin is insoluble & forms threads. The treads of fibrin forms a net, in the holes of this net, blood cells are entangled. This mass then contracts to form a blood clot.

28. Disorders of blood Disorders of RBC : Anemia : Reduction in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood is called as anemia. It is characterised by reduced numbers of R.B.Cs. or a decreased amount of haemoglobin in the blood. Polycythemia : It is the condition in which the count of RBC is get increased above the normal count of RBC. It increase viscosity of blood, slows the rate of flow and also increases the risk of clotting, ischemia and infraction.

29. Disorders of blood Disorders of WBC’s : Leukopenia : It is the condition in which the total count of WBC’s get decreased below 4000/ m m 3 Leukocytosis : It is the condition in which the total count of WBC’s get increased above 10000/mm 3 Leukemia ( Blood cancer ) : In this there is abnormal & uncontrollable increase in the total count of WBC’s.

30. Disorders of blood Disorders of Platelets : Thrombocytopenia : It is the condition in which the total count of platelets get decreased below the normal count of platelets. Thrombosis : It is the condition in which there is formation of blood clots in the blood vessels.