Book – Indian Constitution at Work - executive class 11th.pptx

Educational Material (Slides) of NCERT textbook of Class 11th and Class 12th - Political Science Subject

1. Book – Indian Constitution at Work Chapter 4 – Executive Class – 11 th

2. Organs of Government

3. WHAT IS AN EXECUTIVE? The word executive means a body of persons that looks after the implementation of rules and regulations in actual practice. For e.g - 1. Who is in charge of the administration of your school? – Principal - Office holder whom has to take decisions and implement those decisions. We call this activity administration or management. 2. Who is in charge of executives of big C ompanies, Banks or industrial units ? – O ffice holders decide the policies and rules and regulations and then some office holders implement those decisions in actual day-to-day functioning of the organisation. 3. How does the government function? The body which is making policy decisions and decide about rules and regulations (legislative function), while the other one would be in charge of implementing those rules (EXECUTIVE FUNCTION).

4. Q: How do these bodies function? The A dministration requires a body at the top that will take policy decisions or the big decisions and supervise and coordinate the work. Q: Who is the executive in the government ? The organ of government that primarily looks after the function of implementation and administration is called the executive. WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPAL FUNCTIONS OF THE EXECUTIVE? The branch of government responsible for the implementation of laws and policies adopted by the legislature. The official designations of the executive vary from c ountry to country. For e.g - Some countries have presidents like USA, Brazil, Sri Lanka , while others have chancellors like Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. The other members of administrative machinery are civil servants like Indian Administrative Services (IAS), Indian Police Services (IPS), Indian Revenue Services (IRS) and Indian Foreign Services (IFS) .

5. Types of Executive in India - 1. Permanent Executive 2. Political Executive 1. Political executive - H eads of government and their ministers, overall responsibility of government policy, are together known as the political executive. E.g - President of India : The President is the ceremonial head of state and acts on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers Prime Minister of India : The Prime Minister is the head of government and wields significant executive powers. 2. Permanent Executive are those responsible for day to day administration are called the permanent executive. E.g - Indian Administrative Service (IAS) : IAS officers are the senior-most administrators in the Indian bureaucracy. Indian Police Service (IPS) : IPS officers handle law enforcement and maintain public order. Indian Foreign Service (IFS) : IFS officers manage India’s diplomatic relations and work in Indian embassies.

6. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXECUTIVE IN WORLD? USA has a presidential system and executive powers are in the hands of the president called as presidential form of government. Canada has a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarchy where in 2024, King Charles III (currently) is the formal chief of state and the prime minister is the head of government. France – has president and the prime minister are a part of the semi- presidential system . The president appoints the prime minister as well as the ministers but cannot dismiss them as they are responsible to the parliament. Japan has a parliamentary system with the Emperor as the head of the state and the prime minister as the head of government. Italy has a parliamentary system with the president as the formal head of state and the prime minister as the head of government. Russia has a semi-presidential system where president is the head of state and prime minister, who is appointed by the president, is the head of government. Germany has a parliamentary system in which president is the ceremonial head of state and the chancellor is the head of government.

7. Comparison of different executive systems: 1.Presidential System Head of State & Government : The President holds both roles. Power : The President is very powerful in both theory and practice. Examples : United States Brazil Most Latin American countries 2.Parliamentary System Head of Government : The Prime Minister is the chief executive. Head of State : Usually a President or Monarch with a primarily ceremonial role. Power : Effective power is wielded by the Prime Minister and the cabinet. Examples : Germany Italy Japan United Kingdom Portugal

8. Comparison of different executive systems: 3.Semi-Presidential System Dual Roles : Both a President and a Prime Minister exist. Power : The President may have significant day-to-day powers; their role can vary based on the country. Same Party : President and Prime Minister may belong to the same party. Different Parties : They may come from different parties and potentially oppose each other. Examples : France Russia Sri Lanka

9. Comparison of Different executive systems: Key Differences Presidential System : One person (the President) holds both executive roles. Parliamentary System : Power is split; the Prime Minister governs while the President or Monarch is largely ceremonial. Semi-Presidential System : Combines both roles with variable power dynamics between President and Prime Minister.

10. Sri Lanka’s Semi-Presidential System Executive Presidency : Direct Election : The President is elected directly by the people. Powers : The President has extensive powers, including choosing the Prime Minister from the majority party in Parliament and having the authority to remove the Prime Minister and ministers. Roles : Head of State : Represents the country. Commander-in-Chief : Leads the armed forces. Head of Government : Manages the executive branch of government. Term and Removal : Term : The President is elected for a six-year term. Removal : By Parliament : Can be removed by a resolution passed by at least two-thirds of Parliament members. Supreme Court Inquiry : If a resolution is passed by at least one-half of Parliament, and the Speaker finds it valid, the matter can be referred to the Supreme Court for inquiry.

11. PARLIAMENTARY EXECUTIVE IN INDIA Historical Context : India had used a parliamentary system under earlier laws (1919 and 1935). This showed that the executive (government) can be controlled by elected representatives. Goal of the Parliamentary System : Ensure the government responds to public needs. Make the government accountable to the people. Parliamentary vs. Presidential System : Presidential System : Focuses power on a president. Can lead to a "personality cult" where one person has too much power. Parliamentary System : The government is part of and answerable to the Parliament (legislature). Has mechanisms to keep the government accountable and prevent any single person from having too much power.

12. PARLIAMENTARY EXECUTIVE IN INDIA Decision in India : Choice : The Indian Constitution chose the parliamentary system for both national and state governments. Benefits : Balances a strong executive with checks to prevent misuse of power. Example : The Prime Minister and Cabinet members are accountable to Parliament and can be questioned or removed if they don’t perform well . National Level Executive : President : Formal head of state. Prime Minister and Council of Ministers : Actually run the government. Example : The President signs bills into law but the Prime Minister and Cabinet decide which bills to propose and how to run the government. State Level Executive : Governor : Represents the President in a state. Chief Minister and Council of Ministers : Run the state government. Example : The Governor appoints the Chief Minister, who then leads the state’s executive branch.

13. PARLIAMENTARY EXECUTIVE IN INDIA Exe cutive Power of the Union : Constitutional Power : Officially held by the President. Real Power : Exercised by the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers. Example : The President may call for elections or address Parliament, but the Prime Minister makes daily decisions on policies.

14. PARLIAMENTARY EXECUTIVE IN INDIA .

15. PARLIAMENTARY EXECUTIVE IN INDIA Election of the President : Indirect Election : Not elected directly by the public. Who Votes : Elected Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) and Members of Parliament (MPs). Election Method : Based on proportional representation with a single transferable vote. Example : MLAs and MPs from across India vote for the President, and the candidate with the majority of votes wins. Removal of the President : Impeachment : Only Parliament can remove the President. Grounds for Impeachment : Violation of the Constitution. Procedure : Requires a special majority in Parliament. Example : If a President is found violating the Constitution, Parliament can start impeachment proceedings, which require a significant majority to succeed.

16. Proportional Representation with Single Transferable Vote 1. What is Proportional Representation (PR)? Definition: A voting system where parties or candidates are awarded seats in proportion to the number of votes they receive. This ensures that the distribution of seats reflects the diversity of voter preferences. 2. What is Single Transferable Vote (STV)? Definition: A voting method used to achieve proportional representation where voters rank candidates in order of preference. Votes are transferred between candidates based on these preferences until all seats are filled.

17. PRESIDENT'S ROLE AND POWERS IN INDIA Formal Role : Head of State : The President is the ceremonial head of the government. Types of Powers : Executive Powers : The President has formal executive authority. Legislative Powers : Can summon and prorogue Parliament, and give assent to bills. Judicial Powers : Can grant pardons, reprieves, and commutations. Emergency Powers : Can declare emergencies under certain conditions. Real Use of Powers : Advice of Council of Ministers : In practice, the President uses these powers based on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers. Prime Minister’s Role : The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers make the real decisions and have the support of the majority in the Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament).

18. PARDON, REPREIVE AND COMMUTATION 1. Pardon What It Is : A pardon completely forgives a person's crime, removing the conviction and its consequences. Impact : The person is treated as if they were never convicted. Their criminal record is wiped clean. Example : Imagine Rani was convicted of theft and sentenced to 5 years in prison. If the President pardons Rani, she would be released immediately, her conviction is erased, and she doesn’t have any criminal record anymore. 2. Reprieve What It Is : A reprieve is a temporary delay in the punishment. It doesn’t change the sentence but puts it on hold for a while. Impact : It can give someone more time to appeal their case or review new evidence. Example : Suppose Ravi was sentenced to death. If the President grants a reprieve, Ravi’s execution will be delayed for a few months. This delay might give Ravi’s lawyers time to present new evidence or make an appeal. 3. Commutation What It Is : Commutation reduces the severity of the punishment but doesn’t overturn the conviction. Impact : The person still has a conviction, but their sentence is lessened. Example : If Sita was sentenced to life in prison, and the President grants a commutation, her sentence might be reduced to 20 years instead of life. She will still serve time in prison, but for a shorter period.

19. PRESIDENT'S ROLE AND POWERS IN INDIA Discretionary Powers of President - D iscretionary powers are used in specific situations. Constitutional Rights : Informed on Important Matters : The President has the right to be informed about key issues and decisions made by the Council of Ministers. Example : The President can request information from the Prime Minister about major policy decisions or national issues. Interaction with the Prime Minister : Expression of Views : The President can write to the Prime Minister to share views or concerns about national matters. Example : If the President has concerns about a proposed law or policy, they might write a letter to the Prime Minister to express these concerns. Role of Discretion : Not Absolute : While the President can use discretion in certain situations, these powers are usually exercised on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers. Example : In a situation where there is a hung Parliament and no clear majority, the President might use discretion to decide whom to appoint as the Prime Minister.

20. PRESIDENT'S ROLE AND POWERS IN INDIA Discretionary Powers of the President : Request for Reconsideration : Power : The President can send back the advice of the Council of Ministers for reconsideration. Reason : If the President believes the advice has flaws, legal issues, or is not in the country’s best interest, they can ask for it to be reviewed again. Example : If the Council advises a policy that the President thinks is unconstitutional or problematic, the President can ask them to review it. Although the Council can resend the same advice, this request for reconsideration has significant weight.

21. PRESIDENT'S ROLE AND POWERS IN INDIA Discretionary Power in Appointing the Prime Minister : Normal Scenario : Typically, the President appoints the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha as Prime Minister. Discretionary Scenario : If no clear majority exists after an election, the President must decide whom to appoint as Prime Minister based on who can form a stable government. Example : After a close election with several leaders claiming to have the majority, the President must use discretion to choose the leader who is most likely to secure the necessary support and form a government. Political Context and Presidential Role : Post-1989 Elections : From 1989 to 1998, no single party had a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, leading to greater involvement of the President in forming governments or dissolving the Lok Sabha. Example : In such coalition governments, the President may need to decide whether to grant a request for dissolving the Lok Sabha if a Prime Minister fails to prove majority support.

22. PRESIDENT'S ROLE AND POWERS IN INDIA Veto Power of the President – Power : The President can withhold assent to bills passed by Parliament (except Money Bills). Process : When a bill reaches the President, they can refuse to sign it into law and send it back to Parliament for reconsideration. Example : If Parliament passes a bill on environmental regulations, the President can ask Parliament to rethink the bill if they have concerns. If Parliament passes it again, the President must sign it into law. Pocket Veto : Power : The President can withhold assent to a bill without a time limit, effectively keeping the bill pending. Explanation : There is no specific deadline in the Constitution for how long the President can delay action on a bill. This allows the President to use this delay strategically. Example : If the President receives a bill and does not act on it within a reasonable time frame, this is known as a "pocket veto," which can be used to prevent the bill from becoming law without a formal rejection.

23. PRESIDENT'S ROLE AND POWERS IN INDIA Importance of the President : Ceremonial and Symbolic Role : In normal times, the President is a ceremonial head of state with a fixed term. Need for a Stable Head of State : The President provides stability and continuity, even when the Council of Ministers changes or if no party has a clear majority. Example : When the Lok Sabha is dissolved or when there is a change in government, the President remains a constant figure and oversees the transition of power. Additional Responsibility : When No Clear Majority : The President plays a crucial role in deciding who will become the Prime Minister if no single party or coalition has an outright majority. Example : In a coalition scenario, the President might need to mediate and ensure that a viable government is formed.

24. VICE PRESIDENT ROLE AND POWERS IN INDIA Term and Election : Term : The Vice President is elected for a five-year term. Election Method : Similar to the President, but members of State legislatures do not participate in the electoral college. Example : The Vice President is elected by an electoral college consisting of members of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People), excluding State legislators. Removal from Office : Process : The Vice President can be removed by a resolution passed by a majority in the Rajya Sabha and agreed to by the Lok Sabha. Example : If a motion to remove the Vice President is passed by the Rajya Sabha and then also approved by the Lok Sabha, the Vice President can be removed from office.

25. VICE PRESIDENT ROLE AND POWERS IN INDIA Role as Chairman of Rajya Sabha : Ex-officio Chairman : The Vice President serves as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. Example : As Chairman, the Vice President presides over sessions of the Rajya Sabha and helps manage parliamentary proceedings. Acting as President : In Case of Vacancy : The Vice President takes over the duties of the President if there is a vacancy due to death, resignation, or removal. Temporary Role : The Vice President serves as Acting President only until a new President is elected. Example : When President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed passed away, Vice President B. D. Jatti served as Acting President until a new President was elected.

26. PRIME MINISTER AND COUNCIL OF MINISTERS Prime Minister’s Role in India – Role of the Prime Minister : Head of Government : The Prime Minister leads the Council of Ministers, making them the most important government official. Power : The Prime Minister wields significant power, as the President acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers. Majority Support : Essential for Office : The Prime Minister must have the support of the majority in the Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament). Consequences of Losing Support : If the Prime Minister loses majority support, they must resign, and a new Prime Minister will be appointed. Example : If a Prime Minister’s party loses its majority due to defections or elections, the Prime Minister must step down, prompting the formation of a new government. Historical Context : Congress Party Dominance : For many years after independence, the Congress party held a majority in the Lok Sabha, and its leader became Prime Minister. Example : Jawaharlal Nehru, leader of the Congress party, served as Prime Minister due to the party’s consistent majority.

27. Prime Minister's role in India Coalition Governments : Post-1989 Situation : Since 1989, no single party has had a clear majority. Multiple parties form coalitions to secure a majority in the Lok Sabha. Prime Minister Selection : In such coalitions, a leader acceptable to most coalition partners is chosen as Prime Minister. Example : In the 1990s, leaders like Atal Bihari Vajpayee or Manmohan Singh became Prime Minister by leading coalition governments. Appointment by the President : Formal Appointment : The President formally appoints the Prime Minister based on who has the majority support in the Lok Sabha. Example : After an election or coalition agreement, the President appoints the leader of the majority as Prime Minister, reflecting the choice of the legislature.

28. H ow ministers are appointed and the roles of the Prime Minister ? Appointment of Ministers : Prime Minister’s Role : Selection : The Prime Minister decides who will be appointed as ministers in the Council of Ministers. Allocation : The Prime Minister allocates ranks and portfolios to the ministers. Ranks : Ministers are given ranks such as Cabinet Minister, Minister of State, or Deputy Minister based on their seniority and political importance. Chief Ministers’ Role : Selection in States : Chief Ministers choose ministers for their state government from their own party or coalition. Membership Requirement : Parliament Membership : The Prime Minister and all ministers must be members of Parliament. Elections : If someone becomes a minister or Prime Minister without being an MP, they must get elected to Parliament within six months. Example : If a person is appointed as a Minister but is not currently an MP, they need to win a by-election or be elected in a general election within six months to continue in office.

29. Size of the Council of Ministers in India Constitutional Limit : Article 75 of the Indian Constitution states that the Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister, must not exceed 15% of the total number of members of the Lok Sabha (House of the People). Example : If the Lok Sabha has 545 members, the maximum size of the Council of Ministers would be around 82 members (15% of 545). Categories of Ministers : Cabinet Ministers : Senior ministers in charge of major departments. Ministers of State : Junior ministers who assist Cabinet Ministers, sometimes with independent charge of smaller departments. Deputy Ministers : Assist Ministers of State, focusing on specific tasks within ministries. Chief Ministers’ Councils : State Level : At the state level, the size of the Council of Ministers is similarly regulated by the need to balance administrative efficiency and political representation. Example : The size of a State Council of Ministers is determined by the Chief Minister, and it must also adhere to practical considerations and party strategies .

30. Parliamentary Executive in India - Features 1. Constitutional Limit : Collective Responsibility : Definition : The entire Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament). Implication : If the Lok Sabha loses confidence in the Council of Ministers, the entire government must resign. Example : If a vote of no confidence is passed, the Prime Minister and all ministers must step down. Solidarity of the Cabinet : Definition : All ministers must support collective decisions or resign. Example : If a minister disagrees with a cabinet decision, they must either accept it or resign from their position. A disagreement by one minister can lead to the resignation of the entire Council of Ministers.

31. Parliamentary Executive in India - Features 2 . Role of the Prime Minister : Pre-eminent Position : Definition : The Prime Minister is central to the functioning of the government. The Council of Ministers exists only after the Prime Minister has been appointed. Example : The death or resignation of the Prime Minister leads to the dissolution of the entire Council of Ministers. Link Between Entities : Role : Acts as a link between the Council of Ministers, the President, and Parliament. Example : The Prime Minister communicates all decisions and proposals to the President and keeps the President informed about government affairs. Decision-Making Power : The Prime Minister is involved in crucial decisions and sets government policies. Example : The Prime Minister decides on major policies and strategies of the government.

32. Parliamentary Executive in India - Features 3. Sources of Prime Minister's Power : Control Over the Council of Ministers : Leads and controls the Council. Leadership of the Lok Sabha : Commands the majority in the Lok Sabha. Bureaucratic Control : Oversees and directs the bureaucratic machinery. Media Access : Utilizes media to shape public opinion and policy. Electoral Influence : Projects a strong personal image during elections. International Presence : Represents the country at international summits and foreign visits. Summary Collective Responsibility : The entire Council of Ministers must maintain the confidence of the Lok Sabha. A loss of confidence means the whole government must resign. All ministers must support collective decisions or resign. Prime Minister's Role : Holds a central role, with the Council of Ministers existing only with the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister connects the government with the President and Parliament, makes crucial decisions, and exercises significant influence through various channels.

33. Influence of Political Conditions on Prime Minister’s Power Single-Party Majority : Stable Power : When a single political party secures a majority in the Lok Sabha, the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers have strong, stable authority. Example : The Congress party’s dominance in the early years of Indian independence allowed Prime Ministers like Jawaharlal Nehru to wield considerable power with minimal challenges. Coalition Governments : Frequent Changes : Since 1989, India has experienced many coalition governments, often leading to instability and frequent changes in government. Example : Governments led by coalitions, like those in the 1990s and early 2000s, often faced difficulties in maintaining power and were sometimes removed or resigned due to loss of majority support.

34. Impact of Coalition Politics 1. I ncreased Discretionary Role of the President : Selection of Prime Ministers : The President’s role in selecting the Prime Minister has grown more significant in coalition scenarios, as the choice of the Prime Minister often involves negotiation among multiple parties. Example : In coalition situations, the President may need to consult various party leaders before appointing a Prime Minister. 2. Consultation and Compromises : Negotiations : Coalition politics require extensive consultations among different political partners, leading to reduced authority for the Prime Minister. Example : The Prime Minister has to negotiate with coalition partners, which can limit their ability to act independently. 3. Policy Formulation : Negotiated Policies : Policies and programs are formulated through negotiation among coalition partners, rather than being decided solely by the Prime Minister. Example : In a coalition government, major policies are often the result of compromises among different parties with varying ideologies.

35. State Level Parliamentary Executive Governor’s Role : Discretionary Powers : At the State level, the Governor, appointed by the President, has more discretionary powers compared to the Prime Minister. Example : The Governor can influence the formation of the state government and has a role in appointing the Chief Minister. Chief Minister’s Role : The Chief Minister, like the Prime Minister, is the leader of the majority party in the State Assembly but operates within the framework set by the Governor’s discretionary powers. Principles of Parliamentary System : Consistency : Despite variations, the core principles of the parliamentary system, such as collective responsibility and majority support, apply at the State level as well.

36. PERMANENT EXECUTIVE: BUREAUCRACY Who Implements Decisions? Key Players : The implementation of decisions made by the ministers is carried out by the bureaucracy, also known as the civil service. Components : This includes: All-India Services : Like the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS), and Indian Foreign Service (IFS). State Services : Administrative officers working at the state level. Local Government Employees : Staff working for municipal and district administrations. Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) : Employees managing state-owned enterprises. Role of the Bureaucracy : Assisting Ministers : Bureaucrats assist ministers in formulating and implementing policies. Administrative Machinery : The bureaucracy is a large organization that executes government policies and decisions. Political Neutrality : Bureaucrats are expected to remain neutral and not take political positions on policy matters. Accountability : While bureaucrats execute policies, they are held accountable to the elected ministers and must operate within the guidelines set by the legislature.

37. PERMANENT EXECUTIVE: BUREAUCRACY Political Control and Accountability Elected Representatives : Oversight : Elected officials (ministers) oversee and control the administration. Legislative Control : The legislature (Parliament) also exercises control over the administration through the ministers. Policy Changes : Transition : When a new government comes into power with different policies, the bureaucracy is responsible for adapting to these new policies and implementing them efficiently.

38. PERMANENT EXECUTIVE: BUREAUCRACY Components : Includes All-India services, state services, local government employees, and staff in public sector enterprises. Recruitment : Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) : Conducts recruitment for central government civil services. State Public Service Commissions : Handle recruitment for state services. Merit-Based : Recruitment is based on merit to ensure a professional and non-partisan bureaucracy. Fixed Terms and Protection : Public Service Commission Members : Appointed for fixed terms and can only be removed or suspended following a thorough inquiry by the Supreme Court. Representation and Reservations : Inclusive Recruitment : The Constitution mandates reservations for marginalized communities (Dalits, Adivasis, women, backward classes) to ensure representation and reduce social inequalities in the bureaucracy

39. PERMANENT EXECUTIVE: BUREAUCRACY O fficers, their role, and issues related to bureaucracy: Roles and Supervision IAS and IPS Officers : Selection and Appointment : Selected by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) . Constitute the higher-level bureaucracy in States. Key Positions : Collector : A district’s most important officer is usually an IAS officer. Service Conditions : Governed by central government rules and regulations. Appointed by the central government but work under the State government’s supervision. Can be transferred back to central government service. Disciplinary Action : Only the central government can take disciplinary action against them.

40. PERMANENT EXECUTIVE: BUREAUCRACY O fficers, their role, and issues related to bureaucracy: 2.State-Level Administration : State Public Service Commissions : Appoint officers for state-level administrative roles. Central vs. State Control : Although IAS and IPS officers are under State government supervision, their appointments and disciplinary actions are managed by the central government. This structure strengthens the central government's control over State administration.

41. PERMANENT EXECUTIVE: BUREAUCRACY O fficers, their role, and issues related to bureaucracy: 2.State-Level Administration : State Public Service Commissions : Appoint officers for state-level administrative roles. Central vs. State Control : Although IAS and IPS officers are under State government supervision, their appointments and disciplinary actions are managed by the central government. This structure strengthens the central government's control over State administration.

42. PERMANENT EXECUTIVE: BUREAUCRACY Issues and Challenges Bureaucratic Power : Public Interaction : Often, the bureaucracy is seen as intimidating and unresponsive to ordinary citizens. Insensitivity : The bureaucracy can sometimes be perceived as insensitive to the needs and expectations of the people. 2.Political Control and Interference : Democratic Control : Ideally, the democratically elected government should control the bureaucracy to address issues effectively. Political Interference : Excessive political influence can lead to bureaucratic actions being driven by political interests rather than public welfare. 3. Constitutional Provisions and Accountability : Recruitment Independence : The Constitution provides an independent mechanism for recruiting civil servants to ensure merit-based selection. Protection from Political Interference : There is criticism that the existing provisions do not adequately protect civil servants from political interference in their duties. Accountability : Concerns exist about whether there are sufficient mechanisms to ensure the bureaucracy is accountable to citizens

43. PERMANENT EXECUTIVE: BUREAUCRACY Reforms : Right to Information (RTI) came on 2005 : Initiatives like RTI are expected to make the bureaucracy more responsive and accountable to the public. R ight to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities ,

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