BORGES, BETWEEN HISTORY AND ETERNITY74
he inherited a passion for William James. He thought one of the few
truly American (in a continental sense) writers was Mark Twain, who
also was one of his earliest influences: “ The first novel I ever read
through, ” Borges wrote in his autobiographical essay for the New
Yorker , “ was Huckleberry Finn . Next came Roughing It . . . ” (42).
However, Borges also dealt with American twentieth-century
literature: although averse to novels, he translated Faulkner ’ s The
Wild Palms ,
60
and reviewed (and admired) his work.
61
Except
to Hawthorne, I should like to insert an observation. The circumstance, the strange
circumstance, of perceiving in a story written by Hawthorne at the beginning of the
nineteenth century the very flavor of Kafka ’ s stories, written at the beginning of the
twentieth, must not cause us to forget that the Kafkaesque flavor [in Hawthorne]
has been created, and determined by Kafka. ‘ Wakefield ’ prefigures Franz Kafka,
but Kafka modifies and sharpens the reading of ‘ Wakefield. ’ The debt is mutual;
a great writer creates his precursors. He creates and somehow justifies them ” (OI
56 – 57; very heavily edited) [ “ Aqu í , sin desmedro alguno de Hawthorne, yo desear í a
intercalar una observaci ó n. La circunstancia, la extra ñ a circunstancia, de percibir en
un cuento de Hawthorne, redactado a principios del siglo XIX, el sabor mismo de
los cuentos de Kafka que trabaj ó a principios del siglo XX, no debe hacernos olvidar
que el sabor de Kafka ha sido creado, ha sido determinado por Kafka. Wakefield
prefigura a Franz Kafka, pero é ste modifica, y afina, la lectura de Wakefield . La
deuda es mutua; un gran escritor crea a sus precursores. Los crea y de alg ú n modo
los justifica ” (OC 678)].
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The translation (1950) does not rank among Borges ’ s finest work. In addition to
its patchiness, it is unforgivably prudish. Borges actually alters Faulkner ’ s text in
order to get rid of “ dirty ” words or scenes. In a novel like If I Forget Thee, Jerusalem ,
which revolves to such an enormous extent around sex, this self-imposed modesty
is, to say the least, absurd. Examples abound. For instance, “ males and females but
without the pricks or cunts ” (Faulkner, Novels 509) becomes “ machos y hembras
pero sin sexo ” ( Las palmeras salvajes 54). And the very last line of the novel is
completely deprived of its force: “ ‘ Women, shit, ’ the tall convict said ” (Faulkner
726) is rendered as “ ‘ ¡ Mujeres! . . . ’ dijo el penado alto ” ( Las palmeras salvajes 321).
Perhaps the explanation may be that it was Borges ’ s mother, Leonor Acevedo, who
was taking dictation from her son, or, even, as Borges suggests, actually translating
the text. In his “ Autobiographical Notes, ” he wrote that his mother “ translated
some of Hawthorne ’ s stories and one of Herbert Read ’ s books on art, and she
also produced some of the translations of Melville, Virginia Woolf, and Faulkner
that are considered mine ” (41). I will discuss Borges ’ s prudishness and his view on
censorship later on, when analyzing his take on Whitman. The explanatory notes in
the Faulkner translation are also curious (and unmistakably penned by Borges) and
reflect his obsession with outlaws from both hemispheres. When Faulkner mentions
Diamond Dick and Jesse James, Borges believes it pertinent to footnote: “ L é ase los
Juan Moreira , los Hormiga Negra , etc. ” ( Las palmeras salvajes 27). This contextual
translation (Jesse James for Hormiga Negra) will be discussed more carefully when
considering Universal History of Infamy .
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