BREEDING IN MANGO

DIFFERENT APPROACHES IN MANGO FRUIT CROP BREEDING

1. Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth , Akola   COURSE TITLE – BREEDING IN FRUIT CROPS COURSE NO. – FSC 506 TOPIC - CROP IMPROVEMENT METHODS IN MANGO SUBMITTED BY – ADITYA D. INGOLE HORTICULTURE ( FRUIT SCIENCE) SUBMITTED TO – Dr. U.A. RAUT  

2. MANGO BREEDING

3. Mango ( Mangifera indica L.) is the most important fruit crop in India with considerable socio-economic significance . It is known as the ‘King of fruits’ owing to the delicious quality of the fruit rich in vitamins and minerals . Its long period of domestication is evident from its mention in the ancient Indian scriptures. Ancient Indians valued mango not merely for the sentiment or religious consideration, but also they realized its importance in the economic and cultural life of their society . Mughal kings promoted the practice of planting the best varieties: Lakhi Bagh (one lakh tree) planted by Akbar the Great is wellknown in history. Ain -I- Akbari , an encyclopedia written in 1590 AD gives an ample understanding of mango in that period. However, research with specific objectives started by the turn of the last Century. Mango is rich in Vit A, C, flavonoids , carotenes, glucosides , sterols, terpenes , aromatic acids, essential oils, fatty acids and phenolics . It is a powerfully nutritive fruit, containing most of the essential substances needed by the human body INTRODUCTION

4. The improvement of mango rather any crop needs to explore new recombinants primarily by means of exploiting the breeding methodologies. Diversity or heterogeneity is the main character desired for breeding either natural or manmade . It is required to have vast genetic pool to get new combinations of desired nature and developing new hybrids. It has been mentioned earlier that the development of mango in the area is result of selections from the amteur gardeners. Breeding has yet to play its role in the development of this crop as it has not been effectively manipulated in the distant past. Now, the scientists have developed certain hybrids of mango. To go for such strategies, a comprehensive knowledge of the physiology of the reproductive parts, their breeding behavior and cytological information of the crop is needed.

5. MANGO ( Mangifera indica L . ) Origin : The mango ( Mangifera indica L.) originated in northeastern India, the Indo-Myanmar border region, and in Bangladesh, where it is still found as a wild tree bearing very small fruits. It is also known to occur in the lower Himalayan tract, near Nepal, Bhutan and Sikkim. Chromosome number: ( 2n=4x=40 ) Detailed classification is as follows: Division : Magnoliophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Sub-Class : Rosidae Order : Sapindales Family : Anacardiaceae Genus : Mangifera . CROP INTRODUCTION

6. The name Mangifera is given by “Botinus” first time in 1658. It belongs to family “Anacardaceae” Indo-Burma region is believed to be the primary centre of mango. The name Mangifera indica is given by Linnaeus in 1753.

7. The Mangifera indica germplasm is divided into 2 groups . 1. Seedling races 2. Horticultural races Seedling races are wild and cultivated types, which are most common in Tropical Asia and almost all commercial cultivars of mango are from this type. Horticultural races: these are vegetatively propagating types. These include both Mono and Polyembryonic types. Monoembryonic types are predominant in India, South America, Africa and Florida. Polyembryonic types are predominant in North India. Germplasm

8. Germplasm resources : India is home for Mango diversity where more than 1000 varieties are existing, which are widely distributed over agro-ecological regions of India. CISH (Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture), Lucknow has largest collection of mango (633 accessions), further, IIHR, IARI, Sabour(Bihar) are also maintaining the germplasm.

9. Species Potential use M. laurina, M. gedebe, M. grifith Root stock in inundated soils M. pentandra Good polliniser M.minor Resistant to anthracnose M.odorata, M.foetida Good quality M.zeylanica Salinity resistance M.pajang Can be peeled like banana M.Caesia Distinctive test M. Pajang Good parent for breeding Stone free Mango - M. mangifica completly free from fibre M rufocostata Off season beaeing habit Important Species

10. Species Potential use M. indica var , Mekongenesis Twice year fruiting M. decendra M.inocarpoides M.gebede Root stock for water logged conditions M.zeylanica Root stock for salinity tollerence - M.lauriana Resistance to anthracnose M.altisima Resistant to hopper M.odorata High TSS M.Khasiana Small narrow leaves- Bouea oppositifolia Plum mango-

11. long juvenility. high clonal Heterozygosity. one seed per fruit. recalcitrant seeds. Polyembryony. early post-zygotic auto-incompatibility. large area requirement for assessment of hybrids. Breeding problems in Mango

12. Dwarfness Precocity Profuse and regular bearing Attractive, good sized and quality fruit Absence of physiological disorders Disease and pest resistance and improved shelf life High Productivity Breeding objectives

13. Floral biology : Mango inflorescence is terminal with frequent emergence of the multiple axillary panicles. Both perfect (2-70%) and hermaphrodite flowers occur on the same panicle. Total number of flowers in each panicle is 1000-6000 depending upon the variety. Percentage of perfect flower varies from variety to variety (0.74-Rumani, 30.6% Dasheri, 42.9% Chausa, 69.8%Langra) Critical time of May-June and September-October. REPRODCUTIVE PHYSIOLOGY

14. Sex ratio and pollen abnormalities are the main problems in pollination eg: Occurrence of few abnormal flowers Anthesis starts early in the morning and completes at noon. Stigma receptivity remains for 72 h but most receptive period is for the first 6 h. Minimum pollen germination time is 1.5 h. Initial fruit set depends upon the ratio of the perfect to male flowers. Proportion of perfect flowers required for optimum fruit set must not be less than 1%.

15. Pollination : Mango is self-fertile but cross pollination increases fruit set. The pollination is mainly entemophilous. It was found that under natural pollination, about 40-60% perfect flowers failed to receive any pollen grain. Musca domestica , Melionia sps. Are reported to be mainly involved in pollination Self incompatibility reported in “Dasheri” and self unfruitfulness is reported in Langra, Chausa, Bombay green cultivars.

16. Hybridization: Mango inflorescence is amenable to Hybridization. There fore several hybrids are produced so far. In 1911 Burns and Prayag has initiated Hybridization work in Mango in Pune. Later, hybridization work begun at Research Stations Sabour and Kodur during early forties. Sabour has released two hybrids “Mahmud bahar” and “Prabha Shankar” from parental combination of Bombai X Kalapady . Later research work started in Sharanpur (UP) in 1950’s Later on several hybrids are released from IARI,IIHR, CISH, FRS Sangareddy, FRS Periakulam, AES Peria, FRS Vengurla. BREEDING METHODS

17. Since all Mangifera species having same chromosome number i.e. 40, they can be easily inter crossable. Single day Pollination: limited no.of flowers are pollinated in a large number of panicles. Later after crossing the panicles are bagged with polythene bags or muslin cloths. CAGING Technique: This technique developed at IARI, New Delhi. This technique is followed in Self incompatible types.

18. Research In Mango Improvement Mallika This hybrid between Neelum and Dashehari was released from IARI, New Delhi. It has a strong tendency to regular bearing. Fruits, on average, weigh about 350-400g and have a deep yellow pulp, high TSS, good odour , uniform fruit size and moderate keeping quality Amrapali This is from the parentage Dashehari X Neelum . Plants are dwarf and have a regular bearing habit. Fruits weigh, on average, about 180-250g being borne on clusters, are sweet to taste and have a good keeping quality. Ratna This is a hybrid from the cross, Alphonso X Neelum , released by Fruit Research Station, Vengurla . It is regularbearing , produces medium-sized fruits weighing, On average, about 250g. The pulp is orange in colour and is free from spongy tissue or fibre .

19. Sindhu This is a hybrid progeny derived by backcrossing Ratna with Alphonso , released by Fruit Research Station, Vengurla . Fruits are borne in clusters and weigh, on average, about 150-220g. The pulp is deep yellow with good sugar: acid blend. Fruits are almost seedless, with a very thin stone, although fruits weighting above 200g have a well-developed seed. Konkan Ruchi This is a hybrid from the parentage, Neelum X Alphonso . It bears medium-sized fruits. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth , Dapoli , developed this variety, especially for pickle-making. Konkan Raja This is a hybrid from the parentage, Bangalora XHimayuddin , developed by Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth , Dapoli . It has a compact growth habit and bears large-sized fruits (616g) in clusters. It is good in taste; immature fruits are useful in salad making. Pulp percentage is relatively high (83%), with good T.S.S. (16.8°Brix). It is a regularbearing variety.

20. Alphonso 900 This is a selection from the variety, Alphonso . It is an early-bearer with uniform-size fruits of excellent quality, pleasing flavour , good in sugar:acid blend, attractive fruit colour and a long shelf-life, suitable for processing. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth , Dapoli , developed this variety. Sai Sugandh This is a late variety, maturing in June. It is semivigorous , with fruits showing prominent lenticels and a beak. Fruits are medium in size, of good quality, but susceptible to anthracnose. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth , Dapoli , developed this variety. Pusa Arunima This is from the parentage, Amrapali X Sensation, released by Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. Fruits are medium-sized, with an attractive skin colour . The pulp is deep yellow with TSS of around 20°Brix.

21. Pusa Surya This is a selection from the variety, Eldon, released by Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. It bears medium-sized fruits, has a red peel colour (similar to that of ‘Sensation’). Pusa Prathibha This is a hybrid between the cross, Dashehari X Amrapali , developed by Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. It is a regular-bearing variety, with an attractive fruit shape, bright-red peel and orange pulp. It has oblong, uniform-sized fruits and good sugar: acid blend. The plants are semi-vigorous. Pusa Shresht This is a hybrid between the cross, Amrapali X Sensation, developed by Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. Trees are semi-vigorous, regularbearing , with elongated fruits and an attractive red peel. The pulp is orange in colour , fibreless and firm when ripe, has a moderate sugar:acid blend, with uniform fruit-size (228g). It contains good amounts of Beta-carotene and ascorbic acid.

22. Pusa Pitamber This is a hybrid between the cross, Amrapali X Lal Sundari , developed by Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. The plants are semi-vigorous, regularbearing , with attractive oblong fruits. Fruits turn a uniform yellow on ripening. It has a good sugar:acid blend and uniform-sized fruits. Pusa Lalima This is a hybrid between the cross, Dashehari X Sensation, developed by Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. The plants are semi-vigorous, regularbearing , with attractive oblong fruits and bright-red peel on yellowish green background, with an orange pulp and good sugar:acid blend. Ambika This is a hybrid between the cross, Amrapali X Janaradhan Pasand , developed by Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow . The fruits of this variety are medium in size, with a slight sinus and beak, and a broadly pointed apex. Peel is smooth and tough. Fruits are bright yellow with a dark-red blush. Pulp is firm, with scanty fibre . TSS of this variety is 21oBrix. It is a late-maturing variety .

23. Arunika This is a hybrid between the cross, Amrapali X Vanraj , developed by Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow . Fruits of this variety are attractive, and with a red-blush, high TSS (24oBrix) and high in carotenoids . Pulp is firm. It is a regular bearer and plants are dwarf. Pant Chandra This is a clonal selection of ‘ Dashehari ’ from Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar . Plants are tall, with an erect growth habit. Fruit at maturity remains green. It is a mid-season variety. Fruits weigh upto 150g. Fruit pulp is reddish-yellow, with total soluble solids at 18%, and having a pleasant aroma. Pant Sinduri This is a clonal selection of ‘ Dashehari ’ from Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar . Trees are medium in height, with a round top- canopy. Fruit is yellow, with a pink shoulder. Average fruit weight is 200g. Fruit pulp is yellow, with a pleasant aroma. Total soluble solids vary from 16 to18%, with an average yield of upto 150kg per tree. Fruits mature from the last week of May to the first week of June.

24. PKM-1 This is a hybrid released from Horticultural Research Station, Periyakulam . It is of the parentage, Chinnaswarnarekha X Neelum . It is regular in bearing, produces good quality fruits in clusters. PKM-2 This is a hybrid released from Horticultural Research Station, Periyakulam . It is from the parentage, Neelum X Alphonso . It is regular in bearing and produces good quality fruits in clusters. Neeleshan Gujarat This is a hybrid from the parentage, Neelum X Baneshan , developed by Agricultural Experimental Station, NAU, Paria , Gujarat. It is a mid-season variety maturing in May. It is semi-vigorous and is a poor yielder.

25. Neeleswari This is from the parentage, Neelum X Dashehari , developed by Agricultural Experimental Station, NAU, Paria , Gujarat. It is a mid-season variety maturing in May. It is vigorous and a moderate yielder. Fruits are medium in size and good in quality, with high pulp content. In appearance, the fruits are similar to ‘ Langra ’. Neelgoa This is a hybrid from the cross, Neelum X Mulgoa , developed at Fruit Research Station, Sangareddy , Andhra Pradesh. It has high flowering-intensity and percent perfect flowers. Shape of the fruit is similar to ‘ Banganapalli ’. It is semi-vigorous and a moderate yielder. Fruits are medium in size, good in quality with a high pulp-content. Neelphonso This is from the parentage, Neelum X Alphonso , developed by Agricultural Experimental Station, Navasari , Agricultural University, Paria , Gujarat. It has low floweringintensity . Fruits are large in size and excellent in quality, but with low pulp content.

26. Niranjan This is an off-season bearing selection from the variety, ‘Royal Special’. ‘ Niranjan ’ flowers thrice a year (August, October and December). Flowering intensity is highest during December. It has a low flowering intensity in general, and moderate percentage of perfect flowers. Fruits are round, with low pulp content. This varity was released by Gujarat Agricultural University. Sonpari This is a hybrid from the cross, Alphonso X Baneshan , developed by Agricultural Experimental Station, Navasari , Agricultural University, Paria , Gujarat. Fruits are round and weigh about 550g. The peel attains golden-yellow colour when ripe, with TSS of about 19.3°Brix. Au- Rumani This is a hybrid by the combination, Rumani X Mulgoa , released by Fruit Research Station, Kodur . It bears large fruits of good flavor. It is a heavy yielder, with moderately firm pulp. .

27. KMH 1 ( Kodur Mango Hybrid 1) This is a hybrid released by Fruit Research Station, Kodur . It is from the parentage, Cherukurasam X Khader . Plants are semi-dwarf, regular in bearing; fruits are fibreless with high Brix value and low acidity. Manjeera This was released from Fruit Research Station, Sangareddy . It is from the parentage, Rumani X Neelum . It produces round fruits, with a firm pulp, and bears regularly. The pulp of the fruit is yellow with TSS of about 19oBrix Swarna Jehangir This is a hybrid from the cross, China Suvarnarekha X Jehangir , developed at Fruit Research Station, Sangareddy . It is a late variety, maturing in June. Fruits weigh upto 450g. TSS of the fruit is 19oBrix, acidity 0.58%, and pulp content about 77%.

28. Neeluddin This is from the parentage, Neelum X Himayuddin , developed at Fruit Research Station, Sangareddy , Andhra Pradesh. It is a mid-season variety maturing in May-June. It has moderate flowering-intensity, with medium percentage of perfect flowers. Fruits are large, with average weight of 435g, with TSS and acidity at 18o Brix and 0.46%, respectively. Neeleshan This was developed at Fruit Research Station, Sangareddy , Andhra Pradesh. It is a hybrid between the cross Neelum X Baneshan . It is a mid-season variety bearing ovalshaped fruits weighing upto 400g TSS is 18.2oBrix, and the pulp content 72%. Sabri This is a hybrid between the cross, Gulabkhas X Bombay Green, developed at Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour , and Bhagalpur. It is semi-vigorous with low yield potential. Fruits are small but good in quality, with TSS of 19-20oBrix.

29. Mahmood Bahar This is a hybrid from the cross, Bombay Green X Kalapadi , developed by Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour , Bhagalpur. It is a mid-season variety where fruits mature in May. It is semi-vigorous and a moderate yielder. Fruits are medium in size and good to taste. Al Fazli This is from the parentage, Alphonso X Fazli , released by Fruit Research Station, Sabour . It is superior to Fazli and does not have spongy tissue. Fruits are sweet to taste. Jawahar This is a hybrid between the cross, Gulabkhas X Mahmood Bahar , developed by Bihar Agriculture University, Sabour (Bihar). It is a mid-season variety. Fruits are medium in size with average weight of 215g. The pulp is light-yellow, sweet to taste, pleasant in flavor and remains firm even after ripening. TSS, acidity and pulp percentage are 22.5oBrix, 0.14% and 79.5%, respectively.

30. Menaka ‘ Menaka ’ is a selection arising from ‘ Gulabkhas ’ seedling. It is a regular-bearing and late-maturing variety; fruits are attractive with deep-red basal portion. Pulp is deepyellow , sweet and pleasant in flavour , low in fibre and firm. Fruit shape is oblong-oblique. Average fruit weight is 300g, TSS of the fruit is 20oBrix, acidity 0.14% and pulp content 75%. Subhash This is a selection from seedlings of ‘ Zardalu ’. It is a mid-season variety. Ripe fruits are bright yellow as in ‘ Zardalu ’, with the shape of ‘ Langra ’ fruit. Fruits are medium in size, with an average weight of 220g. TSS and acidity of the fruits are 24oBrix and 0.29%, respectively. Pulp content is 76%. Sundar Langra This is from the cross, Sardar Pasand X Langra . It is regular-bearing and the fruit resembles ‘ Langra ’ in shape and size. Fruits are medium-sized and sweet to taste ( Hoda and Ramkumar , 1993).

31. Arka Neelachal Kesari This is a variety released from Central Horticultural Experiment Station, Bhubaneswar. It is a clonal selection from ‘ Gulabkhas ’. Fruits are medium-sized and average fruit weight is 220g per fruit; pulp is light-yellow, sweet to taste and excellent in quality, with a good sugar-acid blend. Arka Aruna This was developed at Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore. It is from the parentage, Banganapalli X Alphonso . It is regular-bearing; pulp is free from fibre or spongy tissue, pale-yellow in colour , moderately firm, good for making mango bars. Fruit size is large. Plants are dwarf in stature. Arka Puneet This was developed at Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore. It is from the parentage, Alphonso X Banganapalli . It has an attractive fruit skin colour , mediumsized , fruits free from spongy tissue, with good keeping quality and sugar-acid blend.

32. Arka Anmol This was developed at Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore. It is from the parentage, Alphonso X Janardhan Pasand . It is regular-bearing, has fruits with uniform yellow skin colour . It is free from spongy tissue, has good keeping quality and a good sugar-acid blend. Arka Neelkiran This was developed at Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore. It is from the parentage, Alphonso X Neelum . It is regular-bearing, with medium-sized fruits free from spongy tissue, good pulp colour , excellent skin colour , and the tree is semi-vigorous. Arka Udaya This is from the cross Amrapali X Arka Anmol . Fruits weigh 225 to 250g, and are oval in shape; pulp is deeporange in colour , firm and fiberless . TSS is 21°Brix, and pulp recovery is over 70%. Fruits have an excellent shelflife . It is a late-season variety, with a semi-vigorous growth habit.

33. Introduction : For incorporation of good colour and to boost the Mango exports some varieties are introduced. Eg. Tommy, Zilete, Haden, Sensation, Julie are colored varieties are introduced from Miami, Florida. PI24927, M 4336 (Cabrao) from USA. EC201556 (Cabrao) from Philippines were introduced for regular bearing. Amolie and Sweet were Introduced from Belgium and Thailand resp.

34. Variety Country Tommy Akins, Irwin, Kent, Kensington, Zilete , Haden, Sensation, Zill and Julie From Miami, Florida (USA) Contribute colour Carabao , Corazon, Paho , Phautan , Pico, Senora,Strawberry From Philippines Polyembryonic Amolie From Belgium Sweet From Thailand Ambalavi From Ceylon Produce 5 crops Eldon From Brazil Excellent shelf life; table purpose Shelly, Tango From Isreal Introduction

35. Clonal Selection : Dasheri 51 a clonal selection from CISH, Lucknow. Subhash a chance seedling from Zardalu (Sabour) Dasheri 35 a new clone from FRS, Sangareddy. Polyploidy : Vallaicollamban is tetraploid in nature. Biotechnology : Arka Anmol a somatic embryo is achieved through Somatic embryogenesis.

36. Selection: The Florida varieties are leading varieties of world. In 1889 Introduction made from India in which Mulgoba became popular. Cultivar Haden was a seedling of Mulgoba. Subsequently many promising varieties became popular cultivars. Tommy Atkins from Haden, Keitt from Mulgoba, Dyke and Palmer from Unknown origin, Irwin from Lippins, Sensation from Unknown origin are some promising seedlings.

37. Variety Parent Haden, Keitt Mulgoa Tommy Atkins haden Tolerant to anthracnose Panxi Hongmang Luzonmang From China, purple red skin Celebration Unknown parent From Australia, glossy skin with red blush Dyke and Palmer Unknown origin Irwin Lippins Golden Nuggets & Brooks Sandersha Pusa Surya Eldon Osteen Haden Seedling selection : Alphonso , Dashehari , Langra , S.B.Chausa , Rataul , Swarnarekha

38. Variety Parent Dashehari-51 (syn. Akshay ) Dashehari Tolerant to mango hopper, malformation & high temperature Paiyur-1 Neelum Suitable for HDP Pairi Selection Regular bearer & early maturing Gulab Khas Selection Rose flavor, late, good keeping quality Kesar Selection Suitable for processing Manipur I & Manipur II Selection From N E India, dwarf, polyembryonic & regular bearer Menaka Chance seedling of Gulab Khas Mid season, late maturity Selection Neelum Kasaladdu Monoembryonic , regular bearer & late season Neeranjan Local selection Off season variety; regular bearing in October Totapuri Kallamai or Kilimooku Regular bearer & suitable for processing

39. Variety Parent Rumani Selection Apple shaped variety Rajapuri Selection Very large 2-3 kg fruits, distinct beak Alphonso Khader or Badami or Gundu Most suitable for canning, export but susceptible for spongy tissue Dashehari Local selection Malihabad place near Lucknow Mid season, suitable for canning but susceptible to mango malformation Mulgoa Selection Late season & shy bearing Langra Selection Biennial, mid-season & most popular in north India, turpentine flavor Parbhani Bhushan / Parbhani Hapus Local selection from Pimpri Deshmukh village Similar to Alphonso ; high pulp to stone ratio Saikheda Selection from Gangakhed tehsil Suitable for pickling; regular bearing: harvesting between June- August Subhash Chance seedling of Zardalu 24% TSS Elaichi Selection Fruit wt. 54 g: free from floral malformation

40. Hybridization With improvement in hybridization techniques, several improved varieties have been released in India from various regions Adoption of these in different environments depends on Genotype and Environment interaction . Some of these are listed below.

41. Variety Parent Shelly - Tommy Atkins x Keitt From Isreal , late ripening Tango - Naomi x Tommy Atkins From Isreal Kensington Red - Kensington off type x Kensington Pride- From Australia, very juicy, aromatic Alfazali - Alphonso x Fazali Regular bearer, late maturing, free from spongy tissue Ambika - Amrapali x Janardhan Pasand Regular bearer, late ripening, yellow colour with red bluish. Suitable for domestic & export markets Amrapali Dashehari x Neelum Regular bearer, Desert variety Arunika Amrapali x Vanraj - Arka Aruna Banganpalli x Alphonso Regular bearer, dwarf & suitable for HDP Arka Puneet Alphonso x Banganpalli Regular bearer & suitable for canning Arka Neelkiran Alphonso x Neelum Regular bearer & suitable for export Arka Anmol Alphonso x Janardhan Pasand Regular bearer & suitable for export Arka Udaya Amrapali x Arka Anmol Semi-vigorous, cluster bearing Bhadauran - Neelum x Dashehari Tolerant to mango malforination

42. Variety Parent Konkan Raja - Bangalora x Himmayuddin Suitable for table purpose Pusa Pitambar (H-8-11) Amrapali x Lal Sundari Yellow colour variety Pusa Arunima Amrapali x Sensation Regular bearer Pusa Lalima - Amrapali x Sensation Red colour variety Pusa Pratibha Amrapali x Sensation Regular bearer Regular Pusa Shreshth Amrapali x Sensation Regular beare Mallika Neelum x Dashehari Regular bearer, mid-season variety Ratna Alphonso x Neelum Regular bearer Safari Gulabkhas x Bombai Red blush at base Sindhu Ratna x Alphonso Regular bearer, seedless (papery seed), cluster bearing & free from spongy tissue Suverna Alphonso x Neelum Regular bearer & free from spongy tissue Manjira - Rumani x Neelum Precocious, high yielding A. U. Rumani - Rumani x Mulgoa Regular & prolific bearer, round & fiberless fruits PKM-1 Chinna swarnarekha x Neelum Regular bearer

43. Variety Parent PKM-2 Neelum x Mulgoa Regular bearer Swamajehangir Chinnaswarnarekha x Jehangir Regular, prolific bearer & fiberless Neeludin Neelum x Himayuddin Regular bearer, fibreless Neelgoa Neelum x Para Mulgoa Regular bearer Neelshan Gujarat Neelum x Baneshan Regular bearer & suitable for canning Neelphonso Neelum x Alphonso Dwarf, late ripening Neeleswari Neelum x Dashehari Dwarf; regular bearer, dwarf, high TSS, Vit.C Sai Sugandh Kesar x Totapuri Regular bearer, free from malformation & suitable for pulp Prabha Sankar Bombay x Kalapady Regular bearer & late season Sunder Langra (RM-1) Langra x Sunder Prasand Regular bearer & free from malformation Alfazli (RM-2) Alphonso x Fazli Tall, regular bearer Jawahar Gulabkhas x Mahmood Bahar Regular bearer, high pulp (79.5%), fibreless, very sweet A.U. Rumani Rumani x Mulgoa Regular, prolific bearer, round fruit Konkan Ruchi Neelum x Alphonso Pickling purpose, regular bearer

44. Mutation Bud mutants occur frequently and are a valuable source of variation. Albino mutant occurrence is quite frequent in mango seedlings and in certain shoots in mature trees. There are only two cases of somatic mutants yielding new cvs . ‘The Davis’ sport of ‘Haden’ (Young & Ledin , 1954) and ‘ Rosica ’ bud mutant of Peruvian cultivar ‘Rosado de Ica’ (Medina, 1977). The mutants are high yielding , regular bearing and seedy. Induced mutations by radiations were first used by Siddiqui et al. (1966). He exposed dormant buds of Langra to gamma radiations and grafted on one-year-old seedlings. Bud graft exposed to 3.0 kR of radiations bore heavier and larger fruits than control. Singh and Chadha (1981) located four superior clones from orchards of Dashehari while Singh et al. (1985) isolated high yielding clones from ‘ Langra ’ orchards. Sharma and Majumdar ( 1988b) irradiated bud sticks of Dashehari with chemical mutagens (EMS and NMU) and top worked them on to 10 years old seedlings . The mutants showed dwarfness , changes in shape , leaf serration and TSS. Mutations can be successfully propagated asexually. The techniques used need to be perfected in mango to make mutation breeding more urposeful .

45. Variety Parent Rosica From Peruvian cv Rosado de lca Precocious & regular bearer, large fruits Davis Haden Haden Large fruits Hongmang 6 From Chinese cv. Zill Purplish-red skin, dark yellow flesh IAC 100 Bourbon Bourbon Resistant to wilt Vanlaxmi Farmer's selection

46. THANK YOU