BSci103-Lesson-1.pdfnbffhhhvccvvhhvvvvvv

Bsi

1. Anatomy and
Physiology
BSci103

2. Objectives
1. Compare and contrast the
study of anatomy and
physiology
2. Discuss the fundamental
structure-function
relationship between anatomy
and physiology

3. INTRODUCTION
Modern medicine began with long-ago observations on the function, and
malfunction, of the human body.
The interests of our earliest ancestors most likely concerned injuries and illness
because healthy bodies demand little attention from their owners.
Early healers relied heavily on superstitions and notions about magic. However, as
healers tried to help the sick, they began to discover useful ways of examining and
treating the human body. They observed the effects of injuries, noticed how wounds
healed, and examined cadavers to determine causes of death.

4. •The forerunners of modern drugs were herbs
and potions.
•Early medical providers developed the language
of anatomy and physiology from Greek and
Latin.
•Much of what we know about the human body
is based on scientific method, an approach to
investigating the natural world.

6. Anatomy: The study of the
structure and physical parts
of organisms.
•The Science of structure
Example: Names and
locations of bones, muscles,
and organs.
Physiology: The study of the
functions and processes of
body parts.
Example: How the heart
pumps blood, how lungs
exchange gases.

8. Sub-divisions of Anatomy
•Surface Anatomy
•Gross Anatomy

9. Surface Anatomy
oStudy of the external features of the body to understand
internal structures through visualization and gentle
palpation.
oStudy of forms or markings of the body surface, often
explored through visualization or palpation (without
cutting)
olightly pressing or feeling a part of the body with the fingers
or hands
oExternal landmarks to infer internal anatomy, often used in
clinical practice.
Examples:
-Observing the shoulder contour –To detect dislocation or
fracture.
-Locating the radial pulse –Feeling on the wrist to assess
heart rate.

10. Gross Anatomy
•Structures that can be
examined without a
microscope. Visible to unaided
eye
•After making the appropriate
surface marking, the gross
dissection proceeds through
“cutting”

11. Gross Anatomy and Microscopic Anatomy
•Gross anatomy is the study of the larger
structures of the body, those visible
without the aid of magnification Gross and
macro both mean “large,” thus, gross
anatomy is also referred to as
macroscopic anatomy.
•In contrast, micro means “small,” and
microscopic anatomy is the study of
structures that can be observed only with
the use of a microscope or other
magnification devices
•Microscopic anatomy includes cytology,
the study of cells, and histology, the study
of tissues.

13. Systemic Anatomy Approach
Example. You study all parts of the circulatory
system in the entire body
Regional Approach
Study everything in one region of the body, no
matter which system it belongs to.
Example. If focusing on the thoracic region:
Heart and great vessels (circulatory system)
Lungs (respiratory system)
Ribs, sternum, and vertebrae (skeletal system)
Chest muscles (muscular system)Thoracic nerves
(nervous system)

14. Embryology
Study of the first 8
weeks of
development after
fertilization of the
human egg

15. Developmental Biology
The complete development of an
individual from fertilization to death.
Studies how organisms grow, develop,
and change throughout their life cycle —
from fertilization, through embryonic
and fetal stages, to adulthood, and even
aging.

16. Cell Biology
Structure, function, and
behavior of cells, which
are the basic units of
life.

17. Histology
Microscopic structure of
tissues.

18. Radiographic Anatomy
The study of body structures as they appear in
medical images produced by techniques such
as X-ray, CT scan, MRI, or ultrasound.
It focuses on identifying and interpreting
anatomical structures in these images to help
diagnose diseases, locate injuries, or plan
surgeries.

19. The liver is made of hexagon-
shaped lobules containing
hepatocytes arranged in
plates, allowing maximum
contact with blood.
Its dual blood supply delivers
oxygen and nutrient-rich
blood for processing,
detoxification, and storage.
Specialized capillaries and
bile channels ensure efficient
filtration, metabolism, and
bile production.
The shape and organization of a
body part (structure) are
intricately linked to its specific role
or activity (function).

20. •Efficient Packing – The polygonal form allows hepatocytes to fit together tightly, like tiles, with minimal gaps.
This maximizes the number of cells in the liver while saving space.
•Multiple Connections – Each hepatocyte can connect to several neighboring cells at once. This helps in
forming liver lobules, the functional units of the liver.
•Access to Blood and Bile – The shape allows hepatocytes to have multiple surfaces: One side faces the
sinusoids (tiny blood vessels) to exchange nutrients, oxygen, and toxins with the blood. Another side faces the
bile canaliculi, where they secrete bile.
•Functional Flexibility – Having many surfaces means hepatocytes can perform multiple roles at the same
time—absorbing, secreting, storing, and detoxifying.

21. •Small, biconcave disc shape
without a nucleus.
•Increases surface area for gas
exchange and allows them to
squeeze through tiny capillaries.
• Its shape maximizes gas
exchange, its lack of nucleus
(provide more space for
hemoglobin) increases oxygen
capacity, and its hemoglobin
efficiently carries oxygen to
where it's needed
•RBCs can’t divide or repair
themselves, but this sacrifice
maximizes oxygen transport.

22. Hemoglobin (Hb)
•A protein molecule inside RBCs, made of 4 polypeptide chains (globins) with 4 heme
groups.
•Heme group: Each contains an iron (Fe²⁺) atom that binds one oxygen (O₂) molecule.
- So, one hemoglobin carries up to 4 O₂ molecules.
•Hemoglobin can also bind carbon dioxide (CO₂) and protons (H⁺), helping regulate pH
and transport waste gases.
•When bound to oxygen, it gives blood its bright red color (oxyhemoglobin). Without
oxygen, it appears dark red (deoxyhemoglobin).

23. Learning Task 1. By pair
“Structure Mirrors Function” – Give 1
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
“Structure Mirrors Function”
The shape and organization of a body part (structure) are
intricately linked to its specific role or activity (function). In
essence, how something is built determines what it can do,
and this relationship is fundamental to understanding how
living organisms operate

24. Question 1
True or False? A scientists wants to study how the body uses foods
and fluids during a marathon run is most like an anatomist.

25. FALSE

26. Question 2.
Which of the following specialties might focus on studying all the
structures on ankle and foot
A.Muscle Anatomy
B.Microscopic Anatomy
C.Regional Anatomy
D.Systemic Anatomy

27. C.