Burdwan University Seminar - Anatomical Knowledge at the 3rd Level12.02.2015.pptx

It deals with an altogether new perspective on anatomical knowledge at the 3rd level.

1. Relocating Anatomy At The 3 rd Level: Anatomy, Body Medical Education and Commodification Jayanta Bhattacharya Independent Scholar 3/14/2021 11:04 AM 1

2. To know the internal terra incognita of the human body was anatomical knowledge at the first level . The textual body of Galenic humoralism as well as that of Vesalius was working well with this concept. Though, Vesalius differed paradigmatically from Galen by placing seeing over the text. 3/14/2021 11:04 AM 2

3. Vesalius's work brought a number of important changes to the study of anatomy. Most importantly, Vesalius repeatedly stressed the idea that students must not depend upon the teachings of their elders, but must explore the inner workings of the human body for themselves. The truth is under the skin, and is not necessarily hidden in dusty books. 3/14/2021 11:04 AM 3

4. Vesalius’s Anatomy 3/14/2021 11:04 AM 4

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6. As long as the doctors thought that only the curing of internal affections belonged to them, they considered that the mere knowledge of the viscera was abundantly sufficient.  They neglected the fabric of bones, muscles, nerves, veins and of the arteries which creep through the bones and muscles, as being of no concern of theirs.  When the whole business was committed to the barbers, not only did the true knowledge of the viscera disappear from among the doctors, but also their activity in dissecting straightway died. 3/14/2021 11:04 AM 6

7. Artist’s Vision of the Body Studies for Hercules Holding a Club Seen in Frontal View 3/14/2021 11:05 AM 7

8. An interest in human anatomy and ideal bodies can be seen in this ancient Greek sarcophagus . 3/14/2021 11:05 AM 8

9. Leonardo da Vinci’s Anatomy 3/14/2021 11:05 AM 9

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12. Michaelengelo’s Body 3/14/2021 11:05 AM 12

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17. Anatomy at the 2 nd Level The changes in hospitals in the nineteenth century were in important areas like medical teaching, and the whole profession expanded as never before. The acute sick came to “outnumber the long-term chronic patients…the hospitals became more ‘ medicalised ’…’ 3/14/2021 11:05 AM 17

18. The advantage of the poor was that the large numbers of post-mortems that were carried out would elicit no complaints from influential families. The patient was waiting to be seen objectively, as an object, rather than being listened to. Death, Dissection and Destitute were all combined together to generate the new kind of anatomy, body and medicine. 3/14/2021 11:05 AM 18

19. Medicine developed at the end of the 18 th century in response to economic conditions – hospitals, bodies of the poor for dissection and the new anatomical knowledge of organ localization of disease. The human body has been brought twice over into the market – first by people selling their capacity to work, and second, through the intermediary of health. 3/14/2021 11:05 AM 19

20. (1) The consolidation of anatomical pathology, whereby humoral pathology was all eclipsed, so that belief in individualized pathologies was gradually abandoned in favor of a universal representation of the “normal” body; (2) the introduction of autopsy, enabling systematization of pathological science; and (3) the routinization of the physical examination and collection of case studies. 3/14/2021 11:05 AM 20

21. The language of diagnosis itself served to separate patients and doctors. “Cough” became Latinate Tussis , “wound” became Vulnus , “leg ulcers” became Ulcus cruris . The medical gaze travelled along a path – vertically from the symptomatic surface to the tissual surface inside the body The two-dimensional perception of the body becomes three-dimensional 3/14/2021 11:05 AM 21

22. New Anatomical knowledge and Organ localization 3/14/2021 11:05 AM 22

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27. Anatomy at the 3 rd Level At the 3rd level, anatomy of the living, instead of the dead, gained primacy. Each level of anatomical knowledge and medical education were mutually constitutive. In tandem, there occurred changes in the practice and perception of medicine as well as public health. 3/14/2021 11:05 AM 27

28. Next, with the advent of “magic bullets” – antibiotics – anatomy was not confined to pathology only. It had to be studied physiologically in a living organism to know the effects, efficacy and side effects. Following Foucault, a distinction can be drawn between “political anatomy” of health – the analysis of the way the body is seen, described and constructed, and “political economy” of medicine – the way medicine and medical education are deeply related to market forces. 3/14/2021 11:05 AM 28

29. Recently, it has been asked too – are we in a bubble market in medical education? Moreover, in medicine, students buy their education from medical schools and residency programs (which pay wages that are lower than the value of the work that residents provide in return). This education is transformed into skills and credentials that are then sold to patients in the form of services. 3/14/2021 11:05 AM 29

30. In a somewhat similar way, in a milieu of “consumer culture” and commodification of the body, two basic categories – the inner and the outer body – are brought into operation. The inner body refers to the concern with health and optimum functioning of the body which demands maintenance and repair in the face of disease, abuse, and the deterioration accompanying the aging process. The outer body refers to the appearance as well as the movement and control of the body within social process. 3/14/2021 11:05 AM 30

31. Within consumer culture, the inner and the outer body (the inner and the outer anatomy as well) becomes conjoined – the prime purpose of the maintenance of the inner body becomes the enhancement of the appearance of the outer body. At this dazzling moment, a great political, economic, social and technological mutation of medicine is occurring. The body becomes figure in consumer culture. 3/14/2021 11:05 AM 31

32. Each surface anatomical part of the human body is subdivided into sub-parts with use value as commodity. The intricate scenario of anatomical knowledge, body, medical education, health and market economics takes an altogether different turn. At this level, mere knowledge is not enough, desire becomes a constitutive part of this knowledge, so that the reconstituted sub-parts become desirable to the consumer. 3/14/2021 11:05 AM 32

33. The application of a biomedical technology does not simply depend on its medical use alone, but is deeply influenced by prevailing medical and political interests and cultural norms, as well as by overarching ideas about the most promising directions for progress and mastery of the natural world. One example may be the anatomy of teeth – to protect it best traditional Neem twig gives way to tooth brush. 3/14/2021 11:05 AM 33

34. Artistic David becomes 6-pack Body 3/14/2021 11:05 AM 34

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36. Metaphors and semaphores of the new anatomical body perfuse social milieu as well social psyche Male body is inscribed with the desire for the Greek athlete's body, while that of female is heavily loaded with the desire for a body like Venus Medical consumerism goes on reproducing use value to redress of all “lacks” of a normal individual – fitness apps, gyms, health drinks and foods 3/14/2021 11:05 AM 36

37. Venus - Old. Venus - New in Consumer Culture 3/14/2021 11:05 AM 37

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39. Desire for a slimmer Venus 3/14/2021 11:05 AM 39

40. Slimmer Venus leads to Bulimia Nervosa – a social, consumerist cultural as well as de-personalization and iatrogenic disorder. The world of medicine should bear the onus of this unfortunate outcome. The NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL of MEDICINE November 21, 2013 Are We in a Medical Education Bubble Market? - “At the extreme, we will march down the debt-to-income ratio ladder…” 3/14/2021 11:05 AM 40

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43. ASDS Marketplace – Optimize your cosmetic and reconstructive outcomes with a thorough understanding of facial anatomy and this review of advanced techniques   3/14/2021 11:05 AM 43

44. Moreover, A space is created between individual anatomical bodies, which is interspersed with “risk factors”, though actually no disease can exist there. In a way, the body becomes 4 th dimensional in the sense that the extension of territorialization of the body in extra-corporeal inter-anatomical spaces has occurred. 3/14/2021 11:05 AM 44

45. The new medicine had to address itself to time, to movement of pathology rather than its localization 3/14/2021 11:05 AM 45

46. The digital age has revolutionized human-to-brand interaction and interiorization of health food to avoid “risk” 3/14/2021 11:05 AM 46

47. Here, crossing all geographical boundaries, the Indian body is decontextualized and relocated within the global consumer culture of health and medicine. Each surface anatomical part of the human body is subdivided into sub-parts with use value as commodity. The intricate scenario of anatomical knowledge, body, medical education, health and market economics takes an altogether different turn. 3/14/2021 11:05 AM 47

48. Au Revoir 3/14/2021 11:05 AM 48