which stands between market and hierarchy,
1
bears the name of business
networks. Thereby, the concept of business networks has so far been
broadly defined. Hierarchical, centralistic business affiliations such as
franchising or the supply chain with powers of intervention on the part of
the final manufacturer (prime example automotive industry) are, according
to the so far prevailing conviction, also to be understood as business net-
works just as the non-hierarchical cooperation of companies on an equal
footing.
2
However, the corresponding affiliation of business activities does not
automatically entail economic success. Due to the cooperation the individ-
ual enterprises partly lose their freedom of action and their flexibility. Fur-
thermore, the interlocking of the enterprises or their cooperation is very la-
borious and difficult to organise. And in the case of an economically
wrong decision all companies could be affected by a kind of domino ef-
fect. Accordingly, some business networks fail in practice,
3
but there are
nevertheless also many successful business networks.
In any case, business networks, which are considered in the following
contributions, are an important economic phenomenon of increasing prac-
tical importance throughout Europe.
4
1Thorelli, H. B., Strategic Management Journal 7 (1986), 37 et seq; Lianos, I., Jour-
nal of Competition Law and Economics 3 (2007), 625 (652 et seq.); Ménard, C.,
Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 160 (2004), 345 (345); William-
son, O., Administrative Science Quarterly 36 (1991), 269 (271); Schüller, A./Krüs-
selberg, H. G., Grundbegriffe zur Ordnungstheorie und Politischen Ökonomik,
Marburg 1991, p. 107.
2 Cf. Ahlert, D./Ahlert, M., (eds.), Handbuch Franchising und Kooperation - Das Ma-
nagement kooperativer Unternehmensnetzwerke, Frankfurt a.M., 2010; Heldt, C.,
Baukooperationen und Franchising als multilaterale Sonderverbindung, Baden-Ba-
den, 2010; Schimansky, A., Der Franchisevertrag nach deutschem und niederländi-
schem Recht unter besonderer Berücksichtigung seines Netzcharakters und der An-
sprüche bei Vertragsbeendigung, Tübingen, 2002; Majumder, P./Srinivasan, A.,
Management Science, 54 (2008) 6, 1189 (1189 et seq.); Vurro, C./Russo, A./Perri-
ni, F., Journal of Business Ethics 90 (2009), 607 (607 et seq.).
3Glückler, J./Dehning, W., Von aktivieren der Netzwerkforschung zur Netzwerkbe-
ratung, in: Glückler et. al. (eds.), Unternehmensnetzwerke – Architekturen, Struktu-
ren und Strategien, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2012, p. 266 et seq.
4Glückler, J. et al, Organisatorische Vielfalt und Innovativität von KMU-Netzwer-
ken: Ein bundesweites Screening, in: Glückler et. al. (eds.), Unternehmensnetzwer-
ke – Architekturen, Strukturen und Strategien, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2012, p. 21 et
seq (summary on p. 33) with regard to SME in Germany. Becker, B./Müller, S.,
Deutsches Steuerrecht 2007, 733 (733 et seq.) with regard to SME; Gielser, J.P., in:
Peter Krebs, Stefanie Jung
12