Cardiovascular system- Human Anatomy & Physiology 1st.

Easy to Pharmacy & learnt.
1st Sem
B.Pharm - 1st Year

1. “Cardiology” is a branch of science which deals with the
study of heart and disorders related to it..

2. HEART –ANATOMY OF HEART-
▪Heart is a small structure. The dimension of heart are 12cm long, 9cm wild, 6cm is wit. The
average weight of heart in adult female is 250gm , , while in male is 300gm..
▪It rests diaphragm near the middle of thoracic cavity..
▪Pericardium is the membrane that surround and protect the heart .it confines the heart to it’s
position and allowing sufficient freedom of movement for contraction..
▪Layer of heart valves = [a]. Epicardium .[external].
▪ [b]. Myocardium .[middle]
▪ [c]. Endocardium .[inner most]

3. VALVES OF HEART
▪Valves normally allows blood flow only in one direction to the heart..
▪01. atrioventricular valves -that prevent the back flow of blood form ventricles..
▪These are two types =
▪[a]. Tri-cuspid valves –present in right auricle and right ventricle..
▪[b]. Bi-cuspid –present in left auricle and left ventricle..
▪02. semi-lunar valve = these are located at the base of pulmonary trunks.
▪These are two types =
▪[a]. Pulmonary semi-lunar valve = present in pulmonary arteries and right ventricle ..
▪[b]. Aortic semi=lunar valve = present in aortic and left ventricle..

4. ▪Blood
circulation

5. right auricle
tri -cuspid valve
right ventricle
superior
Vena cava Deoxygenated-
-blood
pulmonary semi lunar valve inferior vena cava
veins pulmonary arteries
lungs
Pulmonary valves veins
capillaries
Left auricle
Oxygenated-
-blood capillaries
arteries bi-cuspid
Left ventricle arteries
Aortic semi-lunar valve

6. BLOOD VESSELS
▪A tubular structure carrying blood through the tissues and organs : a vein , artery or capillary..
▪Arteries =
▪Thick walls.
▪Do not have valves.
▪The smallest arteries are arterioles.
▪Veins =
▪Thin walls.
▪The smallest veins are venules.
▪Many of them posses valves.
▪capillaries=
▪Connects arterioles and venules.
▪Help enable the exchange of water. Oxygen and other nutrients between blood and the tissues..

7. ▪An artery is a vessel that carries blood away the heart and other tissues and organs.
▪It is part of circulatory system.
▪Structure= the walls of all arteries are composed of three layers : the tunica intima , tunica
media and tunica adventitia..
Tunica mean “ coat”..
Tunica intima –it is the innermost layer of the arterial wall..
Tunica media –middle coat of artery..
Tunica adventitia –outer most layer of the artery..

8. FUNCTION OF ARTERY
▪01. carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues..
▪02. arteries have the highest pressure and narrow lumen diameter..
▪03. arteries have a blood pressure higher than other parts of the circulatory system..
▪04. arteries varies during the cardiac cycle..
▪05. aorta is the systemic artery in humans..

9. = VEINS =
▪Transport blood back to the heart..
▪Smaller veins unite to form larger veins which commonly join with one another..
▪Carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart..
▪Two exceptions –
▪[a]. The pulmonary veins .
▪[b]. the umbilical veins..

10. CAPILLARY
▪Smallest blood vessels.
▪Connects arterioles and venules.
▪Microscopic vessels in the form of a network..
▪They help enable exchange of water, oxygen
and may other nutrients between blood
and tissues..

11. CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF HEART
▪“A special system is available in the heart which responsible for contraction and conduction of
impulse in the heart. Which heart conducts electricals impulses is called “cardiac conduction”..
▪This system divided in to 5 parts –
▪01. SA node.
▪02. AV node.
▪03. purkinjefibres.
▪04. bundle of his.
▪05. conduction myofibrils.
▪01. SA node= which is located in the right auricles wall just opening superior vena cava.
▪02. AV node = it located on the septum, specifically the bottom of right auricles..

12. HEART BEAT
▪The sound of heart beat comes primarily from the turbulence of blood..
▪During cardiac cycle there are 4 out sounds but first heart sound (s1), second heart
sound(s2)..
▪S1 sound =
Caused by blood turbulence by closing AV nodes, called as “lubsound”..
S2 sound =
Caused by the closing of semi-lunar valves, called as “dub sound ”..

13. CARDIAC OUTPUT
▪“It is the volume of blood ejected from left ventricles or right ventricles in to the
aorta per minutes is called as “cardiac output”..
Cardiac output = stroke volume heart rate..
▪It expressed in ml/minute and it’s normal value is 5 to 5.5 lit. per minute..

14. CARDIAC CYCLE
▪The heart from beginning of one heart beat to the other heart beat is known as “cardiac
cycle”..
▪The diastole is the condition of relaxation , while systole is the condition of contraction..
▪The cardiac cycle id divided in to three phases –
▪[a]. Phase of ventricular filling..
▪[b]. Phase of ventricular contractions.
▪[c]. Phase of ventricular relaxation..

15. ▪[a]. Phase of ventricular filling –large amount of blood is collected auricles as an AV
valves are closed ..
▪Increase the pressure in auricles and the AV valves opened while the sei-liner valve
are closed..
▪It is represented by P wave in the ECG..
▪[b]. Phase of ventricular contraction -when t he pressure increase in ventricles that
causes semi-lunar valves gets opened and AV nodes are closed..
▪[c]. Phase of ventricular relaxation-at the end point all the chambers of the heart
relaxed ..
▪It is represented by T valves in ECG..

16. DISORDERS OF HEART
▪01. arrhythmias.
▪02. sudden cardiac dead.
▪03. high blood pressure..
▪04. coronary artery disease.
▪05. stroke ang heart attack..
▪06. cardiomyopathy..
▪07. atrial fibrillation..
▪08. heart failure.
▪09. flutter and stroke etc..

17. Thank you –
Rahul pal’s