cardiovascular system presentation. pptx

this is the detailed presentation on the topic of cardiovascular system (CVS).
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1. Physiology presentation Group members:- JAMAL KHAN SAEED AHMED ZAIN ALI M TALHA TAUQEER NASIR AIMEN MARYAM AYESHA HAMEED

2. CVS CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM cardiovascular system , is a complex network of blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries, along with the heart. This system is responsible for circulating blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to various tissues and organs while removing waste products. Components: Heart Blood Vessels (Arteries, Veins, Capillaries)

3. The heart, a muscular organ, serves as the powerhouse of our circulatory system, pumping life-sustaining blood throughout our bodies. Comprising four chambers, it orchestrates a symphony of contractions and relaxations to ensure an uninterrupted flow of oxygen and nutrients. Introduction to heart:

4. Chambers: The heart consists of two atria (upper chambers) and two ventricles (lower chambers), each playing a crucial role in the circulation process. HEART ANATOMY:> Valves : Four valves—tricuspid, bicuspid, pulmonary, and aortic—regulate blood flow, preventing backward leakage and maintaining efficient circulation.

5. BLOOD VESSEL:> The circulatory system relies on an extensive network of blood vessels, collectively forming a complex roadmap that facilitates the transport of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products TYPES OF VESSELS: ARTERIES VEINS CAPILLARIES

6. Microscopic vessels connecting arteries and veins, facilitating the exchange of nutrients and gases with surrounding tissues. Capillaries are the narrow yet crucial byways of the circulatory system. Veins return deoxygenated blood back to the heart. They often work against gravity, aided by valves to prevent backflow. The superior and inferior vena cava are prominent veins responsible for returning blood to the heart. Thick-walled vessels carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart to various parts of the body. The aorta, a major artery, serves as the primary expressway for distributing freshly oxygenated blood. ARTERIES VEINS CAPILLARIES

7. BLOOD CIRCULATION PATHWAY Heart Pumping: Left ventricle contracts, pushing oxygenated blood into the aorta. Arteries : Aorta branches into arteries, transporting oxygenated blood. Arterioles and Capillaries: Arteries lead to smaller vessels, ending in capillaries for nutrient exchange. Venules and Veins: Capillaries merge into venules and veins, returning deoxygenated blood to the heart.

8. BLOOD CIRCULATION PATHWAY Pulmonary Circulation : Right ventricle sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. Gas Exchange in Lungs: Lungs exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen in the blood. Systemic Circulation: Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta for distribution. Continuous Cycle: Ongoing process sustaining nutrient delivery and waste removal.

9. Blood pressure:> Blood pressure is a fundamental physiological parameter that plays a pivotal role in maintaining cardiovascular health. Definition of Blood Pressure: Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps it throughout the body.

10. Cardiac Cycle The cardiac cycle helps in the circulation of blood. It includes systole (contraction of cardiac muscles) and diastole (relaxation of cardiac muscles). The cardiac cycle is a normal activity of the  human heart  and is regulated automatically by the nodal tissues- the sinoatrial node (SA node) and atrioventricular node (AV node). The variation in the cardiac cycle results in an increase or decrease in cardiac output. The occurrence of a cardiac cycle is illustrated by the heartbeat rate, which is the number of beats per minute. Our heart beats 72 times per minute and is stated as  72 cardiac cycles per minute.

11. Cardiac cycle diagram

12. Regulation of cardiovascular functions Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is a vital component of the peripheral nervous system, regulating involuntary bodily functions. It consists of two main branches: the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).

13. 1. Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)Function: The SNS is responsible for the "fight or flight" response, preparing the body for strenuous physical activity or responding to stress. It activates processes like increased heart rate, dilation of pupils, and redirection of blood flow to vital organs. Cardiovascular Impact: Sympathetic stimulation enhances heart rate (positive chronotropy), increases myocardial contractility, and prompts vasoconstriction, elevating blood pressure. 2. Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)Function: The PNS, often referred to as the "rest and digest" system, promotes relaxation and recovery. It counterbalances the SNS by conserving energy and facilitating processes like digestion and rest. Cardiovascular Impact: Parasympathetic activity decreases heart rate (negative chronotropy), reduces myocardial contractility, and induces vasodilation, leading to lowered blood pressure.

14. Hormonal Regulation in the Cardiovascular System (CVS): The cardiovascular system is intricately regulated by various hormones, playing a pivotal role in maintaining blood pressure, fluid balance, and overall cardiovascular homeostasis. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) Renin Secretion: Initiated by low blood pressure or decreased sodium levels, the kidneys release renin into the bloodstream. Angiotensin II Formation:Renin acts on angiotensinogen, converting it into angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Cardiovascular Effects:Angiotensin II promotes vasoconstriction, stimulating aldosterone release and causing sodium and water retention, ultimately elevating blood pressure.

15. Cardiovascular diseases are a group of disorders that affect the heart and blood vessels. > These diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. > Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle. Introduction to Cardiovascular Diseases:

16. Common disorders : Blood Vessels become narrowed or blocked . R eferre d as the "silent killer" because it usually has no symptoms. Symptoms: shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling in the legs, and rapid or irregular heartbeat. H eart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) H ypertension (High Blood Pressure) Heart F ailure Symptoms: chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue. Uncontrolled hypertension can lead to heart attack, stroke, kidney problems, and other complications.

17. Stroke: When the blood supply to the brain is disrupted,either by a blood clot or a ruptured blood vessel. Types : > Ischemic stroke > Hemorrhagic stroke It is essential to adopt a healthy lifestyle Including: > Regular exercise > A balanced diet > Regular check-ups Make regular to Reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Conclusions :

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