Causes of infertility

causes of male infertility

1. CAUSES OF INFERTILITY Dept. of Life Science and bioinformatics Assam University, Silchar Debanjan Saha Class-M.Sc. 3 rd sem Rollno.-23 Submitted to, Dr. Shubhodeep R oy Choudhury

2. INTRODUCTION Infertility is referred to couple that has failed to conceive after 12 months of regular sexual intercourse without the use of any contraception. Infertility can be due to the woman or man or both.

3. STUDIES REVEAL 1/3 rd of infertility is due to male partners. 1/3 rd of infertility is due to female partners. Remaining part is unknown and called as idiopathic infertility .

4. CLASSIFICATION PRIMARY INFERTILITY : The couple is never being able to conceive. SECONDARY INFERTILITY : The couple is being able to conceive but the pregnancy is not taken to full terns or had miscarriage.

5. GENERAL CAUSES OF INFERTILITY Factors affecting fertility of both the sexes: Environmental factors such as pesticides. Toxic effects related to tobacco, smoking,alcohol drinking or other drugs. Excessive exercise. Inadequate diet. Advanced age.

6. Main causes of FEMALE( ♀ ) infertility 1) DEFECTIVE OVULATION. 2) DEFECTIVE TRANSPORT. 3) DEFECTIVE IMPLANTATION.

7. DEFECTIVE OVULATION OCCURS DUE TO a) Endocrine disorders. b) Physical disorders. Contd......

8. Contd......... c ) Ovarian disorders. e.g.: Poly Cystic ovarian disease

9. Contd......... d ) Endometriosis

10. 2) Defective Transport a) Ovum : Occurrence due to Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases b) Scar tissue after abdominal surgery

11. 3) Defective implantation Occur due Uterine Fibroids near the fallopian tube or cervix

12. Male infertility can be classified into 2 main types: Quantity problem : No sperm ( azoospermia ) and Poor sperm quantity ( oligospermia )  Q uality problem : Poor sperm quality :low motility ( asthenozoospermia ) A high percentage of abnormal sperm ( teratozoospermia ).

13. Main causes of MALE( ♂ ) infertility Impaired production or formation of sperm Impaired delivery of sperm Congenital factors Acquired factors

14. 1) Impaired production or formation of sperm 1) Impaired shape and movement of sperm 2) Low sperm concentration 3) Testosterone deficiency 4) Varicocele testicle

15. 2) Impaired delivery of sperm Sexual issues such as erectile dysfunction, painful intercourse Retrograde ejaculation Blockage of epididymis or ejaculatory duct Cystic fibrosis Fig: Retrograde ejaculation

16. 3) Congenital factors Anorchia Congenital absence of vas deferens Genetic abnormalities ( Klinefelter Syndrome, Y chromosome microdeletions )

17. 4) Acquired factors Testis trauma Testicular torsion Exogenous factors ( medications, cytotoxic drugs, irradiation, heat etc.) Systematic diseases ( liver cirrhosis) Surgeries that can damage vascularisation the testis.

18. e) Post inflammatory forms ( orchitis , epididymitis ) f) Recurrent urogenital infections g) Obstruction, sub-obstruction of proximal or distal urogenital tract Contd ……….

19. C0NCLUSIONS Infertility is multifactorial . Anatomy, physiology, environment, hormones, and genetic all play a role in causing infertility in both male and female It is therefore a very critical issue in upcoming years and research in this zone is very necessary .

20. REFERENCES Ankur Desai, Abhay R. Shirode , Mittal Bhanushali , VilosRao J. Kadam . Assisted reproductive technology ( ART) : combating infertility. Vol. 4, Issued-1, 2011. Albert Ferlin , Barbara Arredi , Carlo Foresta , genetic cause of male infertility. Reproductive toxiocology 22(2006) 133-141. D M de Kretser , male infertility, Lancet 1997, 349: 787-90. Katherine L. O’Flynn O’Brien, Alex C. Vorghase , Ashok Agarwal , Volume 93, Issue 1, ! January 2010, Pages 1-12. Kathrien Stouffs , Herman Tournaye , Inge iebaers , Willy Lissens . Male infertility and the involvement of the X- chromosome. Vol.15, No.6 pp. 623-637,2009. Ferjaoumi Mohamed Aimen , Francios Monneins , Gharrad Majed , Belaida Amine . A rare cause of infertility: a late complication of female genital mutilation. Volume 5, Issue 3, May 2016, Pages 266-268.