Cavanaugh_ADAA9e_PPT_Chapter01_Studying Adult Development and Aging.pptx

PSYCHOLOGY

1. Adult Development and Aging, 9e Chapter 1: Studying Adult Development and Aging Cavanaugh, Adult Development and Aging, 9 th Edition © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

2. Chapter Objectives By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: 1.1 Describe the life-span perspective and the characteristics of the adult population. 1.2 Identify the basic forces of human development and the concept of age. 1.3 Describe the scientific methods used to conduct research in adult development and aging.

3. Perspectives on Adult Development and Aging (1 of 7) Gerontology : The study of aging from maturity through old age Ageism : A form of discrimination against older adults based on their age, which comes about due to myths of aging

4. Perspectives on Adult Development and Aging (2 of 7) The Life-Span Perspective divides human development into two phases: Early (childhood and adolescence) Later (young adulthood, middle age, and old age) Paul Baltes (1987) identified FOUR key features: Multidirectionality Plasticity Historical context Multiple causation

5. Perspectives on Adult Development and Aging (3 of 7) Baltes et al. (2006) argue that life-span development consists of dynamic interactions between the following factors As people grow older, they show an age-related reduction in the amount and quality of biologically based resources. There is an age-related increase in the amount and quality of culture needed to generate continuously higher growth of growth as people age. People show an age-related decline in the efficiency with which they use cultural resources.

6. Perspectives on Adult Development and Aging (4 of 7) There is a lack of cultural, “old-age-friendly” support structures. Taken together, these four factors create the need to shift more and more resources to maintain function

7. Perspectives on Adult Development and Aging (5 of 7) Characteristics of the Older Adult Population Demographers: people who study population trends Population pyramid: a graphic technique used to illustrate changes in the age distribution of a population General trends indicate an increase in the population over 65 in developing and developed countries

8. Perspectives on Adult Development and Aging (6 of 7)

9. Perspectives on Adult Development and Aging (7 of 7) Diversity of Older Adults The number of older adults is increasing in all ethnic groups Older women outnumber older men in all groups Older adults will be better educated Nearly all countries are facing the need to adapt social policies as the number of older adults increases China and other countries are strained economically trying to cope with increased need

10. Knowledge Check Activity 1-1 Professor Jwa studies aging from maturity through old age. Professor Jwa studies: A) sociology. B) biology. C) ageism. D) gerontology.

11. Knowledge Check Activity 1-1: Answer Professor Jwa studies aging from maturity through old age. Professor Jwa studies: Answer D: ger ontology. Gerontology is the scientific study of aging from maturity through old age. This study has changed our understanding of aging and the aging process.

12. Issues in Studying Adult Development and Aging (1 of 8) Forces of development: Biological forces: all genetic and health-related factors Psychological forces: all internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors Sociocultural forces: interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors Life-cycle forces: differences in how the same event or combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors affect people

13. Issues in Studying Adult Development and Aging (2 of 8) Person Life cycle forces Biological forces Psychological forces Sociocultural forces

14. Issues in Studying Adult Development and Aging (3 of 8) Developmental Influences Cohort Normative age-graded influences Normative history-graded influences Nonnormative influences

15. Issues in Studying Adult Development and Aging (4 of 8) Culture, Ethnic, Racial, Biological Sex, Gender, and SES Factors Culture: shared basic value orientations, norms, beliefs, and customary habits and ways of living Important to gerontology Ethnicity: an individual or collective sense of identity based on historical and cultural group membership and related behaviors and beliefs Almost all aspects of aging differs based on race

16. Issues in Studying Adult Development and Aging (5 of 8) Culture, Ethnic, Racial, Biological Sex, Gender, and SES Factors Gender impacts opportunities that are the result of different stereotypes and behaviors toward different genders SES status impact the level of resources a person can access Intersectionality : experiences that reflect combinations of race, ethnicity, gender, ability, or sexual orientation

17. Issues in Studying Adult Development and Aging (6 of 8) The Meaning of Age Primary aging Secondary aging Tertiary aging Definitions of Age Chronological age Psychological age Sociocultural age

18. Issues in Studying Adult Development and Aging (7 of 8) Emerging adulthood : Wh en individuals are not adolescents but not yet fully adults Established adulthood : Th e period between ages 30 and 45 when life is intense, demanding, and rewarding

19. Issues in Studying Adult Development and Aging (8 of 8) Core Issues in Development The nature-nurture issue The stability-change issue The continuity-discontinuity controversy Plasticity: capacity is not fixed but can be learned or improved with practice The universal versus context-specific development controversy

20. Knowledge Check Activity 1-2 Which force of development includes interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors on development? Biological Psychological Sociocultural Life-cycle

21. Knowledge Check Activity 1-2: Answer Which force of development includes interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors on development? Answer C: Sociocultural Sociocultural forces include interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors that affect development. Sociocultural forces such as financial assets, structural racism, and other society-wide factors provide the overall contexts in which we develop.

22. Research Methods in Adult Development and Aging (1 of 8) Measurement in Research Reliability Validity Methods of Research Systematic observation Naturalistic Structured

23. Research Methods in Adult Development and Aging (2 of 8) Methods of Research Sampling behavior with tasks Self-reports Representative sampling

24. Research Methods in Adult Development and Aging (3 of 8) General Designs for Research Experimental design Independent variables Dependent variables Correlational design Correlation coefficient (r) values Cause and effect cannot be determined Third variable effect

25. Research Methods in Adult Development and Aging (4 of 8) General Designs for Research Case studies Single individual Multiple individuals

26. Research Methods in Adult Development and Aging (5 of 8) Designs for Studying Development Effects that can affect results: Age effects (within subjects) Cohort effects Time of measurement effects Confounding: one cannot determine which of two or more effects is responsible for the behaviors being observed

27. Research Methods in Adult Development and Aging (6 of 8) Designs for Studying Development Designs: Cross-sectional designs Longitudinal designs Microgenetic study Sequential designs

28. Research Methods in Adult Development and Aging (7 of 8) Integrating Findings from Different Studies Meta-analysis Powerful tool Determines whether a finding generalizes across many studies that used different methods

29. Research Methods in Adult Development and Aging (8 of 8) Conducting Research Ethically Minimize risks to research participants Describe the research to potential participants Avoid deception Results should be anonymous or confidential

30. Discussion Activity 1-1 Which research design do you think would be best at describing development over time? Why?

31. Self-Assessment What is the life - span perspective of development and aging? How has the characteristics of the older adult population changed over time? What are the various forces that influence development over time? How does culture, ethnicity, race, biological sex, gender, and SES impact development? What are the core issues in the study of development? How do researchers study development and aging?

32. Summary Click the link to review the objectives for this presentation. Link to Objectives