CDI6 Lesson1. Review-on-Parts-of-Speech.pptx

CDI 6 Parts of Speech - Technical English 1

1. Parts of Speech

2. Nouns A noun is a word that refers to a person, concept, place, or thing. Nouns can act as the subject of a sentence (i.e., the person or thing performing the action) or as the object of a verb (i.e., the person or thing affected by the action). There are numerous types of nouns, including common nouns (used to refer to nonspecific people, concepts, places, or things), proper nouns (used to refer to specific people, concepts, places, or things), and collective nouns (used to refer to a group of people or things).

3. Some nouns ending in -s are singular, some are plural, and some are both singular and plural Singular: news, pass, lens Plural: earnings, assets, thanks Both Singular and Plural: series, species, headquarters Example: If a noun ends in -ics, and refers to a body of knowledge, a science, or a course of study, it is usually singular Example: Mathematics, Phonetics, Semantics if a noun ends in -ics and refers to concrete activities, practices, or phenomena, it is usually plural. Example: Athletics, Mechanics, Acoustics, etc.

4. If the group is acting as a unit, the noun is singular and takes a singular verb. Using collective nouns The battalion is ready for inspection. Example: The class are reading their notes. Example: If members of the group are acting individually, the noun is plural and takes a plural verb. To make the sentence clearer, insert a plural noun after the collective noun Example: The platoon members are practicing their marching skills.

5. truck stop, bathroom, sister-in-law, parti-time instructor A compound noun consists of two or more words joined or used together to refer to one person, place, or thing. Compound nouns may have a hyphen, but most do not: chair, pen, apples, notebooks Use the articles “a” or “an” or “the” before nouns you can count. Countable nouns have singular and plural forms and can be used after the words “many” or “several” Do not use the articles before uncountable nouns. Uncountable nouns have plural forms and cannot be used after the words “many” or “several” wisdom, information, character

6. Pronouns A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. Pronouns typically refer back to an antecedent (a previously mentioned noun) and must demonstrate correct pronoun-antecedent agreement. Like nouns, pronouns can refer to people, places, concepts, and things.

7. Types of Pronouns used in place of the proper name of a person Personal Pronouns I don’t really know her . Example: Demonstrative Pronouns used to refer to specific things and indicate their relative position Example: That is a horrible painting! Interrogative Pronouns used to introduce questions about things, people, and ownership Example: Who owns the nice car?

8. Verbs A verb is a word that describes an action (e.g., “jump”), occurrence (e.g., “become”), or state of being (e.g., “exist”). Verbs indicate what the subject of a sentence is doing. Every complete sentence must contain at least one verb. Helping verbs are forms of the words “do”, “be” and “have”, or the words “shall/will”, “might/must”, “would/could”, and “can/may”. They combine with other verbs to form a complete verb phrase (e.g. was sleeping) Linking verbs link the subject of a sentence to a description that follows. Linking verbs include forms of the verb “be” and the verbs “seem”, “appear”, “become”, “grow”, “remain”, “stay”, “prove”, “feel”, “look”, “smell”, “sound”, and “taste”. (e.g. Their music sounds awful.)

9. Four Primary Forms of Verbs It is the main entry in the dictionary. Present Form Past Form It is created by using the present form and adding -d or -ed for regular verbs. Irregular verbs whose simple past and past participles are formed in some other way. Past Participle Form It is created by using the past form and adding a helping verb (for regular verbs). The helping verb (do, be, and have) should agree with the subject Present Participle Form It is created by adding -ing to the present form and adding a helping verb (for regular verbs). The helping verb (do, be, and have) should agree with the subject

10. had marched has inspected had worked Past Participle march inspect work Present marched inspected worked Past Present Participle is marching are inspecting is working If a verb is regular, it follows the forms above. If a verb is irregular, a dictionary will list the verb’s present form, past form, and past participle form, in that order. (go, went, gone) If the dictionary lists only two forms, then the past and the past participle forms are the same. (wash, washed)

11. Verbs also have tenses that show time an action occurred. It is used to show action that is occurring now. It is done by using the present form of the verb. I work in the Criminology Department. Present Tense It is used to show action that was completed in the past. It is done by using the past form of the verb. Last year, I worked as an instructor. Past Tense It is used to show action that is expected to occur in the future. It is done by putting the helping verb “will” before the present form of the verb. I will work as an instructor. Future Tense it is used to show action that started in the past and is continuing or is linked to the present. It is done by putting the helping verb “has” or “have” before the past participle form of the verb. I have worked as an instructor for most of my career. Present Perfect Tense

12. Tenses It is used to show action that was completed before another past action. It is done by putting the helping verb “had” before the past participle form of the verb. She had worked in the police organization before she joined the Faculty Department Past Perfect Tense It is used to show action that will be completed before another future action. It is done by putting the helping verbs “will have” before the past participle form of the verb. I will have worked for this institution for more than twenty years when I retire. Future Perfect Tense

13. Tenses It is used to show an action that is occurring now and is continuing. It is done by using the present participle and putting the helping verb “is”, “am”, “are”, “was”, “were”, or “be” before it. I am working as hard as I can to achieve my goals in life. Present Progressive Tense It is used to show a continuing action that occurred in the past. It is done by using the present participle and putting the helping verb “was” or “were” before it. I was working for my project when they arrived. Past Progressive Tense

14. Tenses It is used to show a continuing future action. It is done by using the present participle and putting the helping verbs “will be” before it. I will be working on this institution until I retire. Future Progressive Tense

15. Adverbs An adverb is a word that can modify a verb, adjective, adverb, or sentence. Adverbs are often formed by adding “-ly” to the end of an adjective (e.g., “slow” becomes “slowly”), although not all adverbs have this ending, and not all words with this ending are adverbs.

16. Types of Adverbs The CEO officers strictly inspect the uniform of the students. Adverbs of Manner: used to describe how something occurs Adverbs of Degree: used to indicate extent or degree The suspect runs quite quickly. Adverbs of Place: used to describe the location of an action or event We have to do the investigation outside . Adverbs of Time: used to indicate time or date I read my notes daily.

17. Writing Adverbs Place adverbs as close as possible to the words they are supposed to modify. Putting the adverb in the wrong spot can produce an awkward sentence at best and completely change the meaning at worst. We are quickly approaching the deadline. 01 To make the comparative form of an adverb that ends in -ly, add the word “more” before it. She smiled more beautifully than the others. 02 To make the superlative form of an adverb that ends in -ly, add the word “most” before it. She smiled most beautifully of them all. 03

18. Adjectives An adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun. There are also called as compound adjectives. Compound adjectives are compound words that act as adjectives. It communicates a specific person, place, thing, or concept. Adjectives can be attributive , appearing before a noun (e.g., “a red hat”), or predicative , appearing after a noun with the use of a linking verb like “to be” (e.g., “the hat is red”).

19. For adjectives that are just one syllable, add -er to the end For two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y and for all three or more syllable adjectives, use the form “more + adjective.” For two syllable adjectives ending in -y, change the -y to -i and add -er. For comparative (regular) adjectives, follow these rules: For adjectives that are just one syllable, add -est to the end For two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y and for all three or more syllable adjectives, use the form “most + adjective.” For two syllable adjectives ending in -y, change the -y to -i and add -est. For superlative (regular) adjectives, follow these rules:

20. best worst least Example: good/well bad/badly less It is important to note that there are irregular adjectives that a writer has to memorize because they don’t follow the rules mentioned in the previous slide. better worse lesser

21. Prepositions It is used to refer to a direction, use the prepositions “to,” “in,” “into,” “on,” and “onto” She drove to the store Drive on the grass and park the car there. Prepositions of Direction It is a word or group of words used before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships, or to introduce an object (Walden University, 2021)

22. It is used to refer to one point in time, use the prepositions “in,” “at,” and “on” Use “in” with parts of the day (not specific times), months, years, and seasons. Use “at” with the time of day. Also use “at” with noon, night, and midnight. Use “on” with days. To refer extended time, use the prepositions “since,” “for,” “by,” “during,” “from...to,” “from...until,” “with,” and “within” Prepositions of Time

23. Prepositions of Place To refer to a place, use the prepositions “in” (the point itself), “at” (the general vicinity), “on” (the surface), and “inside” (something contained) To refer to an object higher than a point, use the prepositions “over” and “above.” To refer to an object lower than a point, use the prepositions “below,” “beneath,” “under,” and “underneath” To refer to an object close to a point, use the prepositions “by,” “near,” “net to,” “between,” “among,” and “opposite”

24. It is used to refer to a location, using prepositions “in” (an area or volume), “at” (a point), and “on” (a surface) Prepositions of Location It is used to refer to a spatial relationship, use the prepositions “above,” “across,” “against,” “ahead of,” “along,” “among,” “around,” “behind,” “below,” “beneath,” “beside,” “between,” “from,” “in front of,” “inside,” “near,” “off,” “out of,” “through,” “toward,” “under,” and “within”. Prepositions of Spatial Relationships

25. Conjunctions The student didn’t have much money but he got by. C oordinating Conjunctions : used to connect items that are grammatically equal I can stay out until the clock strikes eleven. Subordinating Conjunctions : used to introduce a dependent clause These are words that link other words, phrases, or clauses together. It allows the writer to form complex, elegant sentences and avoid the choppiness of multiple short sentences. C orrelative Conjunctions : used in pairs to join grammatically equal parts of a sentence I am finished with both my English essay and my History essay.

26. Interjections An interjection is a word or phrase used to express a feeling, give a command, or greet someone. Interjections are a grammatically independent part of speech, so they can often be excluded from a sentence without affecting the meaning. Types of interjections include volitive interjections (used to make a demand or request), emotive interjections (used to express a feeling or reaction), cognitive interjections (used to indicate thoughts), and greetings and parting words (used at the beginning and end of a conversation).

27. Articles An article is a word that modifies a noun by indicating whether it is specific or general. The definite article the is used to refer to a specific version of a noun. The can be used with all countable and uncountable nouns (e.g., “the door,” “the energy,” “the mountains”). The indefinite articles a and an refer to general or unspecific nouns. The indefinite articles can only be used with singular countable nouns (e.g., “a poster,” “an engine”).

28. Thank you for attentive listening!