Cell Biology Notes - Three parts

Good slideshow for middle school/high school biology students. Divided into 3 sections.

1. CELL NOTES

2. CELL NOTES Organisms - living creatures. Any life form that can survive on its own. Organ systems - made up of organs - work together to make an organism function. Example: digestive system Organs - made up of tissues - work together to make organ systems function. Example: stomach made of muscle tissue and skin tissue

3. Tissues - made up of cells - work together to make organs function. Example: skin tissue made up of different kinds of skin cells. Cells are microscopic - too small to be seen without a microscope. Every living thing has at least one cell. Humans are made of almost 100 trillion cells. If a single cell can live on its own, it is called a unicellular organism.

4. Humans are multicellular organisms. Cell Theory: Every living thing is made up of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the smallest, most basic unit of life in all living things. 3. All cells come from existing cells.

5. Prokaryotic Cells Cells that do not have a nucleus Another name for prokaryotic cells is Bacteria ONLY unicellular – never multicelluar Yes, draw this and label it

6. Eukaryotic Cells Cells that DO have a nucleus Most eukaryotic cells belong to multicellular organisms There are some unicellular eukaryotes (amoeba, euglena, paramecium) Click here to watch a video of how to draw this... Yes, draw this!

7. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic No Nucleus Nucleus No Membrane – covered Organelles Membrane – covered Organelles Circular DNA (in a circle) Linear DNA (in a line) Bacteria 100 x smaller than eukaryotes All other cells 100 x bigger than prokaryotes

8. No, you don’t need to draw these...

9. No – don’t draw these...

10. CELL MEMBRANE Keeps good stuff in (nutrients, water), and bad stuff out (waste, toxins, viruses, bacteria). Made from lipids (phospholipid bilayer) no, you don’t have to draw this picture

11. ANIMAL CELL

12. PLANT CELL

13. Congratulations! You’ve reached the end of Cell Notes #1

14. Cell Membrane Honors students – it’s framed in yellow – so yes – I want you to draw it (and label it). Traditional 7 th grade students – you can draw and label it too – but it’s optional – you don’t have to.

15. Cell Wall Hard Wall made of cellulose. Rigid & Stiff Provides strength & support to cell Only in plant and bacteria cells . Small holes, called plasmodesmata , allow transfer of nutrients, waste, and water.

16. Is the control center of the cell Stores information (DNA) on how to run the cell and build new structures. Largest Organelle in the cell No, don’t copy this picture NUCLEUS

17. Machine that reads RNA strand and builds proteins by assembling amino acids. Proteins are the building blocks for all structures built in the cell. Ribosomes are also called “ Protein Factories ” Ribosomes are the smallest organelles in the cell No, don’t copy this picture Yes, copy this picture

18. Ribosomes Honors – draw and label!

19. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Smooth E.R. breaks down toxins, and makes lipids which are used for membranes. Doesn’t have ribosomes . Rough E.R. has ribosomes, and packages proteins for release from the cell. Rough E.R. is an “ Assembly line ” that constructs & transports proteins No, don’t copy this picture, but copy this one!

20. Rough E.R. (endoplasmic reticulum)

21. Model of how proteins are made and shipped out of the cell. Rough E.R. Exocytosis (cell burps out proteins) Nuclear pore Ribosome Secretory vesicle Cell membrane Expelled protein Nucleus Golgi Transport Vesicle with proteins inside Proteins Smooth E.R.

22. Congratulations! You’ve reached the end of Cell Notes #2

23. MITOCHONDRIA The Powerhouse of the cell Uses oxygen and food (glucose) to make ATP ATP = energy (Adenosine triphosphate ) Cellular respiration happens here. No, don’t copy this picture Yes, draw this picture One mitochondrion

24. ATP SYNTHASE No, you don’t have to draw this.

25. ATP SYNTHASE – hundreds of these machines in each mitochondrion CLICK FOR LINK CLICK FOR A VIDEO – It’s cool – I promise!

26. Make food using the energy from the sun. Change H 2 O & CO 2 to C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Contain the green pigment chlorophyll. Chloroplasts Look! A chloroplast ! Inner & Outer Membranes Thylakoids Lamellae Stroma No, you don’t have to draw these...

27. Chloroplasts Make food using the energy from the sun. Change H 2 O & CO 2 to C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Contain the green pigment chlorophyll. Yes, you get to draw this. Honors, label it please. Honors – it’s yellow. Draw and label this one too. 

28. Processes & transports materials out of the cell. Places a new coating of lipid membrane on the materials . “ Packaging center ” of the cell Golgi Apparatus Yes, draw this Don’t draw

29. Stores water, minerals & other fluids. Only found in plant cells – animal cells have tiny ones. Central Vacuole Don’t draw this – you already drew a central vacuole in cell notes #1

30. Central Vacuole Honors – draw this

31. Gap Junctions Channels between neighboring cells Allow for the transport of ions, nutrients & other substances Allow cells to communicate with each other. Don’t draw this

32. Membrane covered storage containers. any kind of cargo: food, waste, protein molecules...

33. Digests food particles, wastes, cell parts & foreign invaders. digestive enzymes

34. PEROXISOME Vesicle containing digestive enzymes Breaks down large molecules of food

35. All cells Gap junctions Typically smaller than plant cells Cell Membranes Nucleus Ribosomes Mitochondria Golgi Complex Lysosomes Vesicles E.R. (Endoplasmic Reticulum) Cytoskeleton Cell Wall Central Vacuole Chloroplasts Plasmodesmata Typically larger than animal cells Plant cells only Animal cells only

36. Congratulations! You’ve reached the end of Cell Notes #3 (Go to the next slide to see some upcoming test questions...)

37. Future test questions.... answer in complete sentences. What are organelles? What are three differences between plant cells and animal cells? What are four differences between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?