Cell Biology_ The Cytoskeleton and its Components by Slidesgo.pptx

Biology

1. Molecular Insights into Cellular Reprogramming: Mechanisms and Applications of iPSCs Presented by : Group 6 Group Members: Amina Khalid Marij Noor Haider

2. Table of contents 01 04 02 03 04 06 Introduction Yamanaka Facotrs Cellular Reprogramming Epigenetic Remodelling Reprogramming Approaches Conclusion

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5. Approaches for reprogramming somatic nuclei

6. Steps of Cellular Reprogramming Step 1 Selection of Cell Source Step 2 Selection of Reprogramming Factors Step 3 Suitable Delivery Technique Step 4 Activation of Pluripotency Genes Step 5 Silencing of Differentiation Genes Step 6 Colony Formation Step 7 IPSCs Characterization

7. Steps of Cellular Reprogramming 1. Selection of Cell Source Different somatic cells can be used for reprogramming. 2. Selection of Reprogramming Factors Transcription Factors : Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c- Myc (OSKM) Small Molecules : Chemical compounds that enhance reprogramming efficiency 3. Suitable Delivery Technique Methods for delivering reprogramming factors into cells: Retroviral vectors Episomal vectors Direct protein delivery Synthetic mRNA 4. Activation of Pluripotency Genes The introduced factors activate key pluripotency genes like Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2 . 5. Silencing of Differentiation Genes Genes responsible for specialized cell functions (e.g., nerve, or skin cell-specific genes) are turned off . 6. Colony Formation Successfully reprogrammed cells proliferate and form iPSC colonies

8. Epigenetic Remodeling in Cellular Reprogramming Transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c- Myc ) alter chromatin structure. These factors erase somatic cell memory and induce pluripotency. Pluripotency genes ( Nanog, Oct4, Sox2 ) are silenced by DNA methylation in differentiated cells. TET enzymes demethylate these genes, reactivating them. H3K4 methylation , H3K27 acetylation promote transcription. Reprogramming Factors Reset Epigenetics DNA Methylation is Removed Histone Modifications Enable Gene Expression Chromatin Remodeling Restores Pluripotency Chromatin remodelers (e.g., BRG1, BAF complex) open compact chromatin.

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