cement, bricks and their types.

This presentation includes a brief description of cement, bricks and its types.

1. Cement, Bricks and their types Prepared by : Abdur Rauf Roll number: 125 presented To: Sir Yasir Sarfraz And whole class Institute of geology, The University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir Muzaffarabad.

2. Cement: A cement is a binder, a substance used in construction that sets, hardens and adheres to other materials, binding them together. Cement is seldom used solely, but is used to bind sand and gravel (aggregate) together. Cement is used with fine aggregate to produce mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel aggregates to produce concrete.

3. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) Rapid Hardening Cement Quick setting cement Low Heat Cement Sulphates resisting cement Blast Furnace Slag Cement High Alumina Cement White Cement Coloured cement Air Entraining Cement Expansive cement Hydrographic cement Different Types of cement This Photo shows Different types of cements

4. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) It is called Portland cement because on hardening (setting) its colour resembles to rocks near Portland in England. It was first of all introduced in 1824 by Joseph Asp din, England. Ordinary Portland cement is the most widely used type of cement which is suitable for all general concrete construction. It is most widely produced and used type of cement around the world with annual global production of around 3.8 million cubic meters per year. This cement is suitable for all type of concrete construction.

5. O.P.C has the following approximate chemical composition: The major constituents are: Lime (CaO3) 60- 63% Silica (SiO2) 17- 25% Alumina (Al2O3) 03- 08% This photo shows the bags of Ordinary Port land Cement

6. 2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) Portland pozzolana cement is prepared by grinding pozzolanic clinker with Portland cement. It is also produced by adding pozzolana with the addition of gypsum or calcium sulfate or by intimately and uniformly blending Portland cement and fine pozzolana. Uses: This cement has high resistance to various chemical attacks on concrete compared with ordinary Portland cement and thus it is widely used. It is used in marine structures, sewage works, sewage works and for laying concrete under water such as bridges, piers, dams and mass concrete works etc.

7. PPC can reduce microcracks in the transition zone and it improves pore size distribution. Since PPC is finer than OPC, the permeability can be reduced. Since the fly ash has lesser density and more finer. PPC can give more volume of mortar than OPC. The long-term strength of PPC is greater than of OPC. PPC is more economical because the costly clinker can be replaced with fly ash or calcined clay. Fly ash is a byproduct in coal combustion process. The heat liberated during the heat of hydration will be lesser than that of OPC. This photo shows PPC

8. 3. Rapid Hardening Cement Rapid Hardening Cement (RHC) are also called high early strength cement. The prime difference between the rapid hardening cement and ordinary Portland cement is the lime content. Large proportion of lime is the distinguishing feature of rapid hardening cement. The strength of rapid hardening cement at the 3 days is similar to 7 days strength of OPC with the same water-cement ratio. Thus, advantage of this cement is that formwork can be removed earlier which increases the rate of construction and decreases cost of construction by saving formwork cost.

9. 4. Quick setting cement The difference between the quick setting cement and rapid hardening cement is that quick setting cement sets earlier while rate of gain of strength is similar to Ordinary Portland Cement, while rapid hardening cement gains strength quickly. Formworks in both cases can be removed earlier. Uses: Quick setting cement is used where works is to be completed in very short period and for concreting in static or running water. This photo shows Quick setting cement

10. 5. Low Heat Cement Low heat cement is prepared by maintaining the percentage of tricalcium aluminate below 6% by increasing the proportion of C2S. This makes the concrete to produce low heat of hydration. This cement has increased power against sulphates and is less reactive and initial setting time is greater than OPC. Uses: used in mass concrete construction like gravity dams, as the low heat of hydration prevents the cracking of concrete due to heat.

11. 6. Sulphates Resisting Cement Sulfate resisting cement is used to reduce the risk of sulphate attack on concrete and thus is used in construction of foundations where soil has high sulphate content. This cement has reduced contents of C3A and C4AF. Uses: Sulfate resisting cement is used in construction exposed to severe sulphate action by water and soil in places like canals linings, culverts, retaining walls, siphons etc.

12. 7. Blast Furnace Slag Cement Blast furnace slag cement is obtained by grinding the clinkers with about 60% slag and resembles more or less in properties of Portland cement.   It can be used for works economic considerations is predominant. 8. High Alumina Cement High alumina cement is obtained by melting mixture of bauxite and lime and grinding with the clinker. It is a rapid hardening cement with initial and final setting time of about 3.5 and 5 hours respectively. The compressive strength of this cement is very high and more workable than ordinary Portland cement and is used in works where concrete is subjected to high temperatures, frost, and acidic action.

13. 9. White Cement It is prepared from raw materials free from Iron oxide and is a type of ordinary Portland cement which is white in color.  It is costlier and is used for architectural purposes such as precast curtain wall and facing panels, terrazzo surface etc. and for interior and exterior decorative work like external renderings of buildings, facing slabs, floorings, ornamental concrete products, paths of gardens, swimming pools etc.

14. 10. Colored cement It is produced by mixing 5- 10% mineral pigments with ordinary cement.  They are widely used for decorative works in floors.

15. 12. Expansive Cement Expansive cement expands slightly with time and does not shrink during and after the time of hardening . This  cement is mainly used for grouting anchor bolts and prestressed concrete ducts. 13. Hydrographic cement Hydrographic cement is prepared by mixing water repelling chemicals and has high workability and strength. It has the property of repelling water and is unaffected during monsoon or rains. Hydrophobic cement is mainly used for the construction of water structures such dams, water tanks, spillways, water retaining structures etc.

16. Bricks and its types Officially, the term brick is used to denote a building unit made of shaped clay, but in modern times it is used to refer to any stone- or clay-based building unit that is joined with cementitious  mortar  when used in construction. Typically, bricks are about 4 wide, 8 inches long, with a variety of thicknesses. Larger stone- or clay-based building units of the type used in foundations are usually called  blocks . This photo shows ordinary bricks

17. Categorizing Bricks by Raw Materials In modern construction practices, common bricks are categorized according to their component materials and method of manufacture. Under this classification, there are five common types: Burnt clay bricks Sand lime bricks (calcium silicate bricks) Concrete bricks Fly ash clay bricks Firebrick

18. Burnt Clay Bricks Burnt clay bricks are the classic form of brick, created by pressing wet clay into molds, then drying and firing them in kilns. This is a very old building material—the type of brick found in many of the ancient structures of the world. In appearance, these bricks are solid blocks of hardened clay, usually reddish in color. Burnt clay bricks are typically sold in four classes, with first-class offering the best quality and most strength. These high-grade burnt clay bricks have no noticeable flaws, but they’re also going to cost more.

19. When these bricks are used in walls, they require plastering or  rendering with mortar . Uses for burnt clay bricks include: Masonry walls Foundations Columns This photo shows Burnt Clay Bricks wall.

20. Sand Lime Bricks Sand lime bricks (also known as calcium silcate  bricks) are made by mixing sand,  fly ash  and lime. Pigments may also be added for color. The mixture is then molded under pressure to form bricks; the materials bond together by a chemical reaction that occurs as the wet bricks dry under heat and pressure. These bricks are not, however, fired in kilns in the same manner as burnt clay bricks.

21. Sand lime bricks can offer some advantages over clay bricks such as: Their color appearance is gray instead of the regular reddish color. Their shape is uniform and presents a smoother finish that doesn’t require plastering. These bricks offer excellent strength for load-bearing structures. When pigments are added, the bricks can be used for ornamental purposes. Less mortar is required during construction. Edges are straight and precise, making construction easier.

22. the uses for sand lime bricks include: Structural foundations and walls Exposed brick walls and pillars Ornamental uses (when pigments are added) This photo shows the stock and wall of SLB.

23. Concrete Bricks Concrete bricks are made from solid concrete and are growing in popularity among homeowners. Concrete bricks are usually placed in facades, fences, and provide an excellent aesthetic presence. These bricks can be manufactured to provide different colors if pigments are added during production. Concrete bricks should not be used in below-ground applications.

24. C common uses for concrete bricks include: Fences Internal (hidden) brickwork This Photo shows pavement made by concrete bricks

25. Fly Ash Clay Bricks Fly ash clay bricks are manufactured with clay and fly ash—a byproduct of coal burning—fired at about 1,000 degrees C. Because fly ash contains a high volume of calcium oxide, this type of brick is sometimes described as self-cementing, since it expands when exposed to moisture. This tendency to expand, however, can also produce pop-out failure. Fly ash clay brick has the advantage of being lighter in weight than clay or concrete brick.

26. Typical uses for fly ash clay brick include: Structural walls Foundations Pillars Anywhere that improved fire resistance is required This photo shows a stock of fly ash clay brick.

27. Fire Bricks Also known as  refractory bricks , these are manufactured from specially formulated earth with a high aluminum oxide content. After burning, these bricks can withstand very high temperatures without their shape, size, or strength being affected. Common used for this type of brick include: Lining of chimneys and furnaces Pizza ovens and outdoor brick barbecues  Fire bricks stock

28. Thank you all

29. Reference S. P. Dunuweera and R. M. G. Rajapakse , “Cement types,composition , uses, environmental impact and possible solutions',” in Proceedings of the 28th International Symposium on Transport Phenomena, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, September 2017. S. Mindess and J. F. Young, Concrete, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA, 1981 3. T. Matschei , B. Lothenbach , and F. Glasser, “e role of calcium carbonate in cement hydration,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 551–558, 2007.

30. 4. https://www.thebalancesmb.com/bricks-types-uses-and-advantages-844819 5 . https://civilseek.com/types-of-cement.