CEREBRAL ANEURYSM .pptx

cardiovascular

1. CEREBRAL ANEURYSM GROUP 02

2. OBJECTIVES At the end of this presentation all students should be able to; Explain the meaning of cerebral aneurysm Describe type of cerebral aneurysm Explain the prevalence of cerebral aneurysm explain causes of cerebral aneurysm Describe clinical presentation of cerebral aneurysm Explain the complication and prevention measure of cerebral aneurysm Describe the assessment and diagnostic findings Explain medical ,surgical and nursing management Be able to do documentation in a patient with cerebral aneurysm

3. INTRODUCTION By definition cerebral aneurysm is a dilation of the walls of cerebral artery that develops as a result of weakness in the arterial wall . In other name cerebral aneurysm is called intracranial aneurysm. Subarachnoid hemorrhage result from a ruptured cerebral aneurysm The pathophysiology of cerebral aneurysm depends on the causes and type of cerebrovascular disorder. Most of cerebral aneurysm occur the undesired of brain and the base of the skull, the aneurysm can rupture or leak causing life threatening bleeding

4. TYPE OF CEREBRAL ANEURYSM There are four types of cerebral aneurysm which are; 1. Saccular aneurysm , also known as a berry aneurysm: This type of aneurysm looks like a berry hanging from a vine . Its a round , blood filled sac that protrudes from the main artery or one of its branches. It usually forms on arteries at the base of the brain. A berry aneurysm is the most common type of aneurysm. 2. Fusiform aneurysm ; This type of aneurysm causes bulging on all side of the artery. Associated with atherosclerosis.

5. Cont…….. 3. Mycotic aneurysm ; this type of aneurysm is caused by an infection. When an infection affect the arteries in the brain, it can weaken the artery wall. 4. Dissenting (traumatic ) aneurysm; This type of aneurysm associated with trauma, usually external to the brain cavity.

6. Diagram to show types of cerebral aneurysm

7. PREVALENCE OF CEREBRAL ANEURYSM Cerebral aneurysm account for half the causes of hemorrhagic stroke, The mortality rate has been reported as high as 48% at 30 days after an intracranial hemorrhage. Hemorrhagic strokes account for 15% to 20% of cerebrovascular disorder and ate primary caused by intracranial hemorrhage primary intracerebral hemorrhage from a spontaneous rupture of small vessels account for approximately 80% of hemorrhagic stroke

8. CAUSES OF CEREBRAL ANEURYSM The following are the causes of cerebral aneurysms is unknown but there are ongoing researches on this matter. Here are some causes: Atherosclerosis ; fatty plaques lining the blood vessels in the brain could lead to aneurysm. Congenital defect of the vessel wall ; the defect has been there at the moment of birth and could cause serious intracranial aneurysm. Hypertensive vascular disease ; uncontrolled hypertension could rupture the small vessels in the brain and lead to an intracranial aneurysm.

9. CLINICAL PRESENTATION Symptoms are seen when aneurysms compress on the cranial nerves. They could be as follows: Severe headache Increases increased intracranial pressure (ICP); this can be lead to vomiting Sudden changes in level of consciousness Focal seizures Nuchal rigidity Visual disturbances

10. PREVENTION Primary prevention is the best approach: Control hypertension especially in people older 55 years Stroke risk screening Educating patients and community on recognition and prevention can reduce the risk

11. COMPLICATIONS Bleeding Cerebral vasospasm, that can result to cerebral ischemia is also one of the risk factors Acute hydrocephalus Focal seizure can occur due to nerve irritation

12. ASSESSMENT AND DIANOSTIC FINDING CT scan MRI Cerebral angiography Lumbar puncture

13. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT Goals of the management: Allow the brain to recover from initial insult. Prevent or minimize the risk of rebleeding Prevent or treat complication

14. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT (Cont’d) The managements are as follows: Bed rest Elevate head of the bed 15 to 30 degree Avoid any activities that suddenly increase blood pressure or obstruct venous return. Apply antiembolism stocking or sequential compression devices Fresh frozen plasma and vitamin K Antiseizure agents Analgesic's

15. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT The goal is to prevent bleeding in an unruptured aneurysm or further bleeding in an already ruptured. Craniotomy; surgical evacuation is done Endovascular treatment; done in occluded parent artery Aneurysm coiling; obstruction of the aneurysm site with a coil

16. NURSING MANAGEMENT Nursing assessment A complete neurological assessment paying attention to the following: Altered level of consciousness Sluggish pupillary reaction Motor and sensory dysfunction Cranial nerve deficits Speech difficulties and visual disturbance Headache and nuchal rigidity or other neurological deficits

17. NURSING MANAGEMENT (Cont’d) Nursing diagnosis Ineffective tissue perfusion Disturbed sensory perception Anxiety Nurse intervention Monitor closely for neurologic deterioration and maintain a neurological flow record Check blood pressure, pulse, level of consciousness, pupillary responses and motor function hourly; monitor respiratory status and report changes immediately.

18. DOCUMENTATION GUIDELINES Extent, nature and duration of the problem Effects on independence and lifestyle Pulses and BP Assistive device needs Plan of care Teaching plan Response to interventions, teaching and actions performed Modifications of care Long term needs

19. CONCLUSION It is important for individuals with known risk factors for cerebral aneurysms such as high blood pressure, smoking and family history of aneurysms to seek medical attention and monitoring to prevent potential complications.

20. REFERENCES https://nurseslabs.com https://www.frontiersin.org

21. PARTICIPANTS Arafa Mkoma Abdukarim Shomvi Ashura Shaban Gladness Molla Jamila Mansour Godlisten Shirima Salma Mponda