Ch 15 Improvement in Food Resources 1.pptx

This presentation is about how we can improve production of food crops

1. CLASS IX CHAPTER 15 IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES Part -1 MRS RAGINI BHATT JNV SHYAMPUR , SEHORE NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA SAMITI, NOIDA

2. IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES Crops Animal Husbandry Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 2

3. Why to raise food production ? Increasing population Sustainable Practices How to raise food production ? Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 3

4. Does the food production solve the problem ? Simply increasing grain production for storage in warehouses cannot solve the problem of malnutrition and hunger. People should have money to purchase food . Increasing the incomes of people working in agriculture. Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 4

5. Nutrients provided by plants Carbohydrate Wheat, rice, maize, millets & sorghum Protein Gram ( chana ), pea ( matar ), black gram ( urad ), green gram ( moong ), pigeon pea ( arhar ), lentil ( masoor ). Fat (oil seeds) Soyabean , ground nut, sesame, castor, mustard, linseed & sunflower Vitamins & minerals Vegetables, spices & fruits Fodder crops Berseem , oats or Sudan grass Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 5

6. Crops Different crops require different C limatic conditions T emperature P hotoperiods for their growth and completion of their life cycle. Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 6

7. Types of crops Kharif crops Rabi crops These crops are grown in rainy season are called as Kharif crops (Paddy, Soya bean, pigeon pea and maize). They are grown from June to October. These crops are grown in winter season are called Rabi crops (Wheat, gram, peas, and mustard). They are grown November to April. Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 7

8. Improving crop yield Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 8

9. FACTORS FOR VARIETY IMPROVEMENT Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 9

10. Crop variety improvement- For improvement in variety hybridization & Genetic modification is done. Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 10

11. Hybridization It is crossing between genetically dissimilar plants. Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 11

12. Genetic modification Genetically modified crop It  is the process of altering the  genetic   make up of a crop. In the field of bio-technology ,   GM crops  stands for genetically modified   crops , that has been purposefully engineered and not selectively bred organisms Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 12

13. CROP PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT There is a correlation between higher inputs and yields. Thus , the farmer’s purchasing capacity for inputs decides cropping system and production practices . NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IRRIGATION CROPPING PATTERNS Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 13

14. NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT Source Nutrients Air Carbon, Oxygen Water Hydrogen, Oxygen Soil (i) Macronutrients: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium , Magnesium, Sulphur (ii) Micronutrients: Iron, zinc copper Manganese, Boron , Molybdenum, Chlorine Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 14

15. Manure Manure is prepared by the decomposition of animal excreta and plant waste . Manure helps in enriching soil with nutrients and organic matter and increasing soil fertility. Advantages of Manure Nutrients and organic matter Increasing soil fertility. I mproving the soil structure Increasing the water holding capacity in sandy soils In clayey soils help in drainage and in avoiding water logging. Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 15

16. Types of Manure Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 16

17. FERTILIZERS Fertilizers are commercially produced plant nutrients . Fertilizers supply Nitrogen, P hosphorus & Potassium. Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 17

18. Organic farming Organic farming is a farming system with minimal or no use of chemicals as fertilizers , herbicides , pesticides etc It uses O rganic manures Recycled farm-wastes (straw and livestock excreta ), Use of bio-agents such as culture of blue green algae in preparation of biofertilizers , neem leaves or turmeric specifically in grain storage as bio-pesticides, Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 18

19. Irrigation T he ways to water crops at the right stages during their growing season can increase the expected yields of any crop. Poor monsoons cause crop failure. Water resources:- Wells : Canals River Tanks Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 19

20. Rain water harvesting This involves building small check-dams which lead to an increase in ground water levels . The check-dams stop the rainwater from flowing away and also reduce soil erosion. Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 20

21. Cropping patterns G rowing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land. Mixed cropping Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same field in a definite pattern. Inter-cropping growing of different crops on a piece of land in a pre-planned succession crop rotation Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 21

22. Advantages of cropping patterns Inter-cropping ensures maximum utilization of the nutrients supplied , and also prevents pests and diseases from spreading to all the plants Mixed cropping reduces risk and gives some insurance against failure of one of the crops. By crop rotation two or three crops can be grown in a year with good harvests. Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 22

23. Crop protection management Field crops are infested by a large number of weeds , insect pests and diseases . If weeds and pests are not controlled at the appropriate time then they can damage the crops Weeds Unwanted plants in the cultivated field , Harm - take up nutrients and reduce the growth of the crop . Insects T hey cut the root, stem and leaf, T hey suck the cell sap from various parts of the plant ( iii) They bore into stem and fruits. Diseases Caused by B acteria , Fungi & Viruses are transmitted through the soil, water and air. Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 23

24. CONTROL OF WEEDS Weed control methods (I)mechanical removal Preventive methods (1)proper seed bed preparation (2) timely sowing of crops (3) intercropping and crop rotation. Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 24

25. CONTROL OF PESTS P reventive measures against pests (1)Use of resistant varieties (2)Summer ploughing , -fields are ploughed deep in summers to destroy weeds and pests. Developed by ICAR scientists :- stress resistance and quality in several crops from their wild relatives Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 25

26. STORAGE OF GRAINS STORAGE LOSSES BIOTIC 1.Insects 2.Rodents 3.Fungi 4.Mites 5.Bacteria , ABIOTIC MOISTURE 2. TEMPERATURE At storage place (1)degradation in quality (2)loss in weight , (3) poor germinability (4) discolouration of produce A ll leading to poor marketability . Cause Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 26

27. Preventive and control measures for storage strict cleaning before storage Proper drying in sunlight and then in shade, and fumigation b efore storage. using chemicals that can kill pests . Storage method developed by ICAR scientists Post-harvest constraints of mango are faster fruit ripening, loose of firmness, off-flavor development, unfavorable to low temperature storage at an ambient temperature. Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 27

28. Summary Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 28

29. Thank you Please visit the site of ICAR- Indian C ouncil of Agricultural R esearch to know more about the recent developments in this field by our scientists. Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 29