ch-3-ppt-migration. history. geography.pptx

Human Geography

1. Chapter 3 Migration Lecture Notes by Dorrell, Henderson, Lindley, & Connor. Introduction to Human Geography (2018) University of North Georgia Press

2. Chapter 3: Migration STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this section, the student will be able to: Understand : the importance of maps and some tools used to create them. Explain : the concept of places and how they are characterized from a spatial perspective. Describe : the various types of diffusion. Connect : the discipline of geography with other academic disciplines. Introduction to Human Geography (2018). Dorrell, Henderson, Lindley, & Connor. University of North Georgia Press.

3. Chapter 3: Migration CHAPTER OUTLINE 3.1 Migration and Geography: A (Very) Brief History 3.2 Definitions and Data 3.3 Global, National, Regional, and Local Patterns 3.4 Demographic Transition, Migration, and Political Policy 3.5 Culture, Globalization, and Economics of Migration in the 21st Century 3.6 The Future of Human Movement and Conclusion Introduction to Human Geography (2018). Dorrell, Henderson, Lindley, & Connor. University of North Georgia Press.

4. 3.1 Migration and Geography: A Very Brief History Modern homo-sapiens first emerged in East Africa, but sometime between 60,000-120,000 years ago, they began to leave the continent.

5. 3.1 Migration and Geography: A Very Brief History Migration has perhaps been the most significant of all human activities on the planet. Religion Ethnicity Food Language Cities Ideas Political Systems Etc.

6. 3.2 Definitions and Data I Migration A permanent move to a new location Emigration Migration from a location Immigration Migration to a location Net migration Immigrants – emigrants = net migration Ecumene : Inhabited areas of the earth

7. 3.2 Definitions and Data I Labor/Economic Forced (22.5 millions refugees worldwide, 40.3 million internally displaced persons) Asylum Seekers ( those seeking sanctuary from political, religious, gender, or ethnic persecution) Ecological Tied Chain Step Circular Temporary/Guest Worker Undocumented Skilled/Unskilled Return Migration Transnationalism exchanges and interactions across borders that are a regular and sustained part of migrants’ realities and activities that transcend a purely 'national' space Cultural Political Economic

8. 3.2 Definitions and Data II Laws of Migration ( Ravenstein 1885) Most move only a short distance. Each migration flow produces a counter-flow of migrants. Long-distance migrants tend to move to major cities. Rural residents are more migratory than those in towns. Females are more migratory than males. Economic factors are the main reason for migration.

9. 3.3 Global Patterns I 244 million live outside of their birth country (2015) 70% of all migrants originate in Europe or Asia The largest source countries are: India, Mexico, Russia, and China The largest destination countries are: U.S., Germany, Russia, Saudi Arabia Most migration is South North 1/3 is SouthSouth

10. 3.3 Global Patterns II In what part of the world are most of these countries located? Why?

11. 3.3 Regional Migration Flows: Europe Migration within and into Europe is very large! Most moves are short distance The European Union increased migration dramatically

12. 3.3 Regional Migration Flows: Europe II The Schengen Agreement Movement within Europe has become much easier, but movement into Europe has become more difficult. Why have migrant fatalities increased so much in the Mediterranean?

13. 3.3 Regional Migration Flows: North America The U.S.  46 million foreign born residents (14.5% of the population) Every person living in the U.S. has ancestors that come from somewhere else! Immigration levels and countries of origin have changed dramatically over time

14. 3.3 Regional Migration Flows: North America

15. 3.3 Regional Migration Flows: North America 4 phases of immigration to the U.S. Frontier Expansion (1820-1880) High levels Homestead Act (1862) encouraged immigration – 160 acres England, Scotland, Ireland, Germany, Scandinavia Industrialization (1880-1910) Southern & Eastern Europe (Italy, Greece, Russia, Poland) New ethnic neighborhoods, settlement into cities Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

16. 3.3 Regional Migration Flows: North America 4 phases of immigration to the U.S. Immigration Pause Asian Exclusion Act No polygamists, anarchists, beggars, or importers of prostitutes allowed! Race based policies produced quota system Ellis Island closes (1954) Post-1965 Immigration Diversity embraced, Exclusion laws & quotas abolished Family unification & skills based immigration Tripled levels of immigration from previous era Phase 5 - return to low level immigration? U.S. Congress & President calling for limiting all forms of immigration President calls for end to Chain Migration. DACA? Record number of deportations (Obama)

17. Migration Between Regions of the United States Persistent westward movement of the U.S. population Southward migration beginning in 1950s Declining rates of migration in the 2000s © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 3.3 Regional Migration Flows: North America

18. 3.3 Regional Migration Flows: North America

19. Winkler, Richelle , Kenneth M. Johnson, Cheng Cheng , Jim Beaudoin, Paul R. Voss, and Katherine J. Curtis. Age-Specific Net Migration Estimates for US Counties, 1950-2010. Applied Population Laboratory, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2013. Web. [Date of access.] https://netmigration.wisc.edu/ . 3.3 Regional Migration Flows: North America

20. Winkler, Richelle , Kenneth M. Johnson, Cheng Cheng , Jim Beaudoin, Paul R. Voss, and Katherine J. Curtis. Age-Specific Net Migration Estimates for US Counties, 1950-2010. Applied Population Laboratory, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2013. Web. [Date of access.] https://netmigration.wisc.edu/ . 3.3 Regional Migration Flows: North America

21. [insert Figure 3.4.4 on this slide] © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 3.3 Regional Migration Flows: North America

22. 3.3 Regional Migration Flows: Asia The Chinese Diaspora – those identifying themselves as having Chinese heritage but living outside of China (46 million)

23. 3.3 Regional Migration Flows: Asia China’s Great Migration  200 million+ have moved from the interior to the East Coast of China in the past 3 decades Why are so many moving? Jobs Globalization Technology/Knowledge Political change in China Highly regulated movement

24. 3.4 Demographic Transition, Migration, and Political Policy Re-consider the demographic transition model for a moment How might this model relate to Immigration and Emigration? In which stages would you expect to find high levels of immigration/emigration? Why? Immigration tends to occur into Stage 4/5 countries Emigration tends to occur in Stage 2/3 countries Can you explain this?

25. What is the link between migration and dependency ratio? http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/hea_dep_rat_per_100-health-dependency-ratio-per-100 --------- --------- 3.4 Demographic Transition, Migration, and Political Policy

26. 3.4 Demographic Transition, Migration, and Political Policy Why do some countries benefit from migration while others do not? Depends on local economic conditions in sending and receiving locations Some countries lose essential assets (human capital) when people emigration BRAIN DRAIN (e.g. 60% of doctors born in Ghana leave that country) Many of the most successful scientists and inventors leave Taiwan and India in favor of the U.S., Canada, Australia, or Europe Wealthy countries of immigration benefit significantly from attracting highly skilled immigrants ( BRAIN GAIN ) It’s cheaper for a country to import a worker with skills than it is to ‘produce’ one

27. 3.4 Demographic Transition, Migration, and Political Policy Certain Sending Countries also benefit from emigration through remittances (money sent home by overseas workers)

28. 3.5 Culture, Globalization, and Economics of Migration in the 21st Century What is the connection between globalization and increased international migration?

29. 3.5 Culture, Globalization, and Economics of Migration in the 21st Century The number of people living outside of their country of birth increased from 105 million (1985) to 246 million (2017) Most people never leave their home country The global economy demands migrant workers all over the world But… Many countries are moving to cut levels of immigration in dramatic ways

30. 3.5 Culture, Globalization, and Economics of Migration in the 21st Century The percent of the world’s people who migrate internationally has NOT changed significantly in the 21 st century, so what’s the big deal? Migration is more complex than before. People are migrating from more places to more places than at anytime in the past. Previous patterns were easy to predict. No longer true. E.G. More people returned to Mexico from the U.S. in recent years than moved from Mexico to the U.S. Iraqi’s are arriving in large numbers to Australia And more Americans are electing to work and retire overseas than ever before. Brazilians are getting plastic surgery to look more Japanese in hopes of emigrating there.

31. 3.6 The Future of Human Movement and Conclusion 21 st century migrants are very different from previous generations, mostly because of communications technology Transnationalism is a terms that captures the difference in that migrants maintain ongoing and regular connections/communication with people and family members from home even as they assimilate to a new place. Economics is still the main driver of migration, but the early 21 st century has been dominated by political strife and displacement at levels not seen since WWII If countries like England, the U.S. move towards isolationism, other countries may follow suite, causing rates of migration globally to slow down, perhaps halting the era of global migration.

32. Attitudes of Americans Towards Immigrants New arrivals regarded with suspicion However, still viewed immigrants as valuable participants in settling the American frontier As source region shifted from W. Europe, attitudes became more negative 9/11 heightened suspicion and mistrust Attitudes of Europeans towards Immigrants As economy dips, anger towards immigrants grow Italy, Spain, Germany, Denmark, others working to deport foreign born residents © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 3.6 The Future of Human Movement and Conclusion

33. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 3.6 The Future of Human Movement and Conclusion

34. Political Rhetoric & Fact Checking on Migration: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJzDvyGWMsQ © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 3.6 The Future of Human Movement and Conclusion

35. 3.X Documentary Film List for Migration The Orphan Trains (1995). https://ggc.kanopy.com/product/orphan-trains 400 Miles to Freedom (2012). https://ggc.kanopy.com/product/400-miles-freedom Papers: Stories of Undocumented Youth (2009). https://ggc.kanopy.com/video/papers-stories-undocumented-youth The Immigration Paradox (2014). https://ggc.kanopy.com/video/immigration-paradox Balseros (1994). https://ggc.kanopy.com/video/balseros Made in China (2007). https://ggc.kanopy.com/video/made-china

36. Chapter 3 END Migration Lecture Notes by Dorrell, Henderson, Lindley, & Connor. Introduction to Human Geography (2018) University of North Georgia Press