Chalcolithic Culture of Ganga-Yamuna Doab.pptx

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1. Chalcolithic Culture of Ganga-Yamuna Doab Dr.Virag Sontakke

2. Copper Hoard Area: Gangetic Doab, north and north-west part Copper artefacts Varies types Heavy Thick Solid Period: 2000 BCE

3. Previous Research The first survey made by V.A. Smith 1905 Heine- Geldern , S. Piggott, B.B. Lal, Beongard -Lavin and Deopic , Lohuizende S.P. Gupta, Y.D. Sharma, D.P. Agrawal, Paul Yule, D.P. Sharma 

4. Site Distributions UP MP Haryana Rajasthan Pakistan Odisha West Bengal of

5. Findings Reporting: 1822 in Bithur , Kanpur Association with OCP (Ochre Coloured pottery) Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha and Rajasthan N early 1500 objects have been identified weapons, tools, and the objects of worship ?

6. Copper Tools Chisel-shaped edge A ntennae swords, A xes, Ingots Anthropomorphic figures. T hese objects were accidental discoveries during agricultural work, and a few objects were also retrieved from scrap metal markets.

7. Types of Copper Hoards Sr. No Area Copper Hoards Artefacts types 1 South Haryana/North Rajasthan flat axes, harpoons, double axes, swords with so-called antenna grips 383 2 Chota Nagpur Finely worked pieces, axe-heads and probably ingots 235 3 Ganga Doab flat axes, harpoons, double axes, swords with so-called antenna grips 235 4 Madhya Pradesh Ghangharia 120 (424)

8. Sr. No Weapons Nature 1 Arrowhead Some arrowheads are without holes and tang. Used for fishing and hunting 2 Spearhead more than 25 inches long hand fight and throwing for hunting. 3 Sword Several found in Ganga-Yamuna doab Three types : a. Antennae, b. Hooked and c. Simple killing or hunting big animal/human  4 Harpoon multi barbed harpoons 5 Parasu broad 6 Shouldered Axe Based of their shoulderes , these implement known as shouldered axe. 7  Bar Celt parallel-sided bar, the length ranges from 1 feet 6 inches to 2 feet and breath 4 to 6 cm. 8 Chisel Both side edges are concave, straight and taper towards its butt end. 9 Anthropomorph most cases the head portion of this human like figure is thicked by hammering from the top, hind limbs are plain and arms are generally incurved and sharpened externally 10 Ring Bangles

9. : https:// www.google.com / url?sa = i&url =https%3A%2F%2Fadhyayanias.com%2Fcopper-hoard-culture%

10. Copper Hoards & Regional Variations Scholars have identified variations in typology across areas where the hoard artefacts were discovered. For instance, flat, shouldered and bar celts and axes were the dominant artefacts in Odisha, West Bengal and Bihar, I n Uttar Pradesh and Haryana, antennae swords, anthropomorphic figures and harpoons were predominant, C elts and axes. The artefacts commonly found in Rajasthan were bar celts. 

11. Authors of Copper Hoard Indo-Aryan : Heine- Geldern ; They are cited Maruts as the atmospheric gods of the Vedic period. People of the  Indus Valley Civilisation of Late Harappan Phase: S. Piggott, The flat celt is the common link between the two. Indigenous Tribes : B.B. Lal assigned this ceramic tradition and copper hoards to the people who inhabited the doab before the arrival of Aryans.

12. Nature of Copper Hoards Source : Khetri , Rajasthan, Singhbbum , M.P. ( Malaj Khand) hilly regions of Almora District Objects : 78 to 99 % of Copper, six contains 32.9 % iron The Scientific analysis show that they aree made of pure copper and very insignificant quantities of alloys have also been noticed. The anthropomorphic figures : between 25 and 45 cm in length and 30 to 44 cm in breadth, with some weighing up to 5 kg.

13. Association=Copper Hoard + OCP Most of the hoard objects were found without stratigraphic contexts. At Saipai (Uttar Pradesh), copper implements were discovered alongside the Ochre Coloured Pottery. At Sanauli (Uttar Pradesh), antennaed swords and copper sheets were found during excavations at the burial site. OCP sites, such as Bahadrabad , Narsipur , Lal Qila, Jhinjhana , Saipai , Nandalpura , Jodhpura , etc, have also yielded copper hoards. Scholars associate these hoards with the OCP. B B Lal associated copper hoard with OCP which was obtain from Hastinapur

14. Chronology Accidental Findings V.A. Smith c. 2000 BC., S. Piggot and Y.D. Sharma between 1750 to 1000 B.C., B.B. Lal C. 1200 B.C., Gordon suggests C. 800 B.C. H.D. Sankalia C. 1500 B.C. post Harappan Period. At Hastinapur, the OCP assemblage found below the painted grey were deposit. D ate bracket of C. 2000 BC – 1300 BC.

15. Conclusion An enigmatic aspect of Indian Archaeology Advent after the fall of Harappan Disappear after the advent of PGW Wide area of distribution from Pakistan to Madhya Pradesh Copper hoard shows the superb copper smelting technology Associated with OCP

16. Chalcolithic Culture

17. Introduction Appears after the Neolithic Culture Gradual Development and no time gap The Introduction of Copper Growth of Population Increase settlement Increase size of the settlements Over 200 sites

18. Important Sites Koldiwaha Sohgaura Imlidih Khurd Waina Bhunadih Chirand Chechar Senuwar From Neolithic to Chalcolithic

19. Other Sites Vindhya Kakoria Magha Koldiwaha Khajuri Banimilia Bahera Takiaper Malhar Raja Nal ka Tila Sakas Ganga Plain Jhusi Kaushambi Sringverpur Rajghat Pralhadpur Masondih Sohgaura Narhan Imlidih Khurd Khiradih Chrand Chechar Maner Oriup Champa Sonepur Taradih

20. Houses Small huts Wattle-and-Daub Houses Circular of ovel plan Houses with mud walls Floor were rammed with potsherds (raja Nal Ka Tila ) Hearths inside the houses

21. Pottery Red Ware (slip/ unslipped ) Black Slipped ware Burnished black Black-and-Red Ware: plain & painted Cord impressed ware Rusticated ware Grey ware Wheel made A few hand-made Shapes : Bowls, lipped bowls, Dishes, Basins, pots, dish-on-stand, perforated pots Design : Paintings, Incisions and applied pattern

22. Tools Chalco + Lithic Microliths Parallel-sides blades Points Lunates Scrapers Tringles Cores Bone tools were also used: Koldiwaha (arrowhead) Copper : limited use Koldiwaha (knife), Socketed copper arrowhead: Kharadih Material Carnelian Chalcedony Quarts Chert

23. Copper Objects A few objects Small corroded pieces found at Sonpur and Chirand Bangle from Oriup Knife from Koldiwaha

24. Stone objects Beads of semi-precious stones: Agate, Carnelian, Chalcedony, jasper, steatite, Sling balls Pestle and mullers Querns Balls

25. Agricultural Practice Waina Rice Barley Wheat Green-Gram Lentil Fiels -pea Grass-pea ( Khesari ) Gram/Chick pea Sesame Senuwar Rice Barley Dwarf-wheat Bread Wheat Sorhum millet Horse gram Grass-pea Lentils Oilseads Linseed Chickpea Sesame

26. Food habits: Animals Domestic Animal Bones + birds ( Sonpur ) Fish bones ( Chirand ) Cattles Buffalo Sheep Goats Pigs Dogs Wild Dear Antelop Nilgai Sambhar Monitar lizard Chital Wolf Blackbug Turtle Fish

27. Burial System Post-cremated circular pit burials at Sonpur Dia: 1.8 to 2.12 m Depth: 91 cm Contain: ash, charcoal, bones & 5 kg charred rice Extended burials also found at Sakas

28. Other objects TC beads: decorated with incised design ( Khairadih , Sohgaura ) Pottery discs Glass micro bead: Khairadih Polished Celt: Narhan

29. Narhan Culture Type site Narhan Pottery: White Painted Black-and-red ware Black-and-red ware Black slipped ware Shapes: bowls, storage jars, lipped basins Doubtfull /not fully accepted

30. Chronology Senuwar : Neolithic- Chalcolithic: 1950-1300 BCE Chalcolithic: 1300-700 BCE Raja Nal Ka tila : c. 1700-1300 BCE (period I Pre-Iron) Malhar : 2200 – 1800 BCE