Chapter 1: Introduction of landscape horticulture and it's design

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1. Gollis University Depart of Agriculture and Natural Resource Management FRUIT PRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION OF LANDSCAPE HORTICULTURE AND IT’S DESIGN 1 Gollis University Semester 5

2. Definition of Landscape The branch of horticulture which deals with the art and knowledge of development of plantation or ornamental plants by arranging them in such manner with the existing plants and structures to beautify a place maintaining natural scenery may be called landscape horticulture . landscaping may be defined as the use of plants outdoors to fulfill aesthetic and functional purposes Gollis University Semester 5 2

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4. Garden design: Garden Design is a specialized branch of Landscape Design, concerned with private space and private goods. The difference between the two arts is that one is concerned with private space and one with public space. Gollis University Semester 5 4

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6. Landscape gardening: Landscape gardening the art and practice of laying out grounds in a way which is ornamental or which imitates natural scenery. Landscape Architecture: Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor public areas, landmarks, and structures to achieve environmental, social-behavioral, or aesthetic outcomes Gollis University Semester 5 6

7. Landscape Horticulturist: Landscape Horticulturist" means a person who selects, handles and utilizes trees, shrubs and ornamental plants and turf grass for the design, development and maintenance of public and private landscaping spaces. Prepares soil, plants, cultivates, prunes and irrigates to maintain plant vigor. Landscape design: Landscape design is an independent profession and a design and art tradition, practiced by landscape designers, combining nature and culture. In contemporary practice, landscape design bridges between landscape architecture and garden design. Gollis University Semester 5 7

8. Objectives of landscape design: To enhance the aesthetic appeal of an area. To increase the property value. To secure attractive ground. To blend concrete and architectural creations into the natural scenery. To hide unsightly conditions in the area. Plants can be used to create a wall around. To modify environmental factors. To create recreational grounds to provide places for relaxation and community interaction. To provide hobby activities for home owners. To improve and conserve natural resources by reducing soil erosion. Gollis University Semester 5 8

9. Categories of landscaping: Landscaping can be classified as- Home Landscaping Community Landscaping Park Landscaping Public Building Landscaping Industrial Area Landscaping Historical Area Landscaping Worship Area Landscaping Burning Ghat Landscaping Railway Station And Railway Line Landscaping Banks Of River, Lake, Channel Landscaping Gollis University Semester 5 9

10. Home Landscaping Gollis University Semester 5 10

11. Community Landscaping Gollis University Semester 5 11

12. Park Landscaping Gollis University Semester 5 12

13. Public Building Landscaping Gollis University Semester 5 13

14. Industrial Area Landscaping Gollis University Semester 5 14

15. Historical Area Landscaping Gollis University Semester 5 15

16. Worship Area Landscaping Gollis University Semester 5 16

17. Elements of design: The design elements are visible features of all objects. So, these are as- Color Texture Form or shape Line Value Gollis University Semester 5 17

18. 1. color People respond differently to color. Certain colors- red, orange and yellow are described as worm colors and appear to advance towards the viewers. Cool colors- blues and green tend to recede in a landscape composition. Choice and arrangement of colors in the landscape are critical considerations to the overall visual appeal. Flower color is strangely affected by light. Shade and sunlight intensifies colors which should be kept in mind when locating plants in the landscape. Plants are not the only source of color in the landscape. Leaves although predominantly green may have variegation and seasonal color enhances in autumn. Tree barks also produce a variety of color. Gollis University Semester 5 18

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20. 2. Texture Texture in design refers to the visual effect of tactile surface qualities. As for example, the visual difference between burlap and silk or between the surface of a pineapple and that of a rose petal. Texture refers to the surface quality in a work of art. We associate textures with the way that things look or feel. Everything has some type of texture. We describe things as being rough, smooth, silky, shiny, fuzzy and so on. Some things feel just as they appear; this is called  real or actual texture . Some things look like they are rough but are actually smooth. Texture that is created to look like something it is not, is called  visual   or implied texture. Gollis University Semester 5 20

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22. 3. Form Form refers to the shape and structure of a three dimensional object (sphere, cube and pyramid). The outline of a plant project against the sky, it depends on the structure and shape of the plant. For example, tree may be conical, columnar, pyramidal, and spherical and so on. Plants of different forms may be grouped and arranged in a certain fashion to create an overall form in the landscape. For example, a landscape architect may group a number of plants with narrow, columnar form to create a horizontal form. This strategy is used in creating a hedge around a house. Gollis University Semester 5 22

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24. Gollis University Semester 5 Shapes can be categorized into two different types: Geometric and Organic. Geometric Shapes that are created through use of mathematics. These shapes include Circle, Oval, Triangle, Square, Rectangle, Hexagon, Octagon and Pentagon. Organic An irregular shape, or one that might be found in nature, rather than a regular mechanical shape. Shape 24

25. 4. Line: The effect of line is accomplished through the arrangement of objects. Line is a boundary element of design. Shape and structure are defined by lines. A design element line, when used effectively has the capacity for eliciting emotional responses, making one display appear elegant and another disorganized. As indicated previously form is a three dimensional attribute but it can be interpreted as one dimensional by line. Line is the means by which form guides the eye. Natural line occur in nature but often are complex. Line is a design tool that a landscape architect uses to create and control patterns in the landscape. Gollis University Semester 5 25

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28. Gollis University Semester 5 An element of art that refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. Value is an especially important element in works of art when color is absent. This is particularly likely with drawings etc. Value Scale A gray scale, a series of spaces filled with the tints and shades of one color starting with white or the lightest tint on one end, and gradually changing into the darkest shade or black on the other. 5. Value 28

29. Principles of landscape design: There are six principles of design that have been used by artists for centuries throughout all art forms, painting and floral design as well as landscape design. They are: Balance Focalization Simplicity Rhythm and Line Proportion Unity Gollis University Semester 5 29

30. 1. Balance: Balance is a state of being as well as seeing. We are most comfortable in landscapes that have a sense of balance. There are two major types of balance: symmetrical and asymmetrical. Symmetrical balance is used in formal landscapes when one side of the landscape is a mirror image of the opposite side. Asymmetrical balance, also known as informal balance, differs from one side to the other and appears to be relaxing and free flowing. Using these as guidelines helps designers and homeowners create a landscape that “make sense” to look at. Gollis University Semester 5 30

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33. 2. Focalization: Any good design has a focal point – the place where the viewer’s eye is first attracted. Focalization is sometimes referred to as focalization of interest or simply focal point. The focal point is the strongest element in the design in any given view. A home’s focal point is often the front door. The landscape focal point is often something close to the front door to enhance the entrance of the home. Landscape designers should not overuse focal points. In any view, people are attracted to interesting plant forms, bright colors and artistic, architectural design as well as art or sculptures/pictures. Mix it up, have some fun and create interesting focal points. Gollis University Semester 5 33

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35. 3. Simplicity: Simplicity is what the name implies – simple. Keeping landscapes simple, not cluttered or fussy is always a good practice. This is not the opposite of complexity. Many landscapes have very complex features, including the architectural design, water features and extensive lighting features. Landscapes that make people happy and comfortable avoid using too many colors, shapes, curves and textures, but in no way does this mean simplistic, boring or lack of imagination Gollis University Semester 5 35

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37. 4. Rhythm and line: When something in the landscape is repeated with a standard interval, a rhythm is established. In landscape design, the interval is usually space. Plants, groups of plants, lamp posts, benches or other structures can be repeated within the design to create this rhythm. Lines within a landscape are created in a landscape by the shape and form of the planting beds, sidewalks, where the turf meets pavement and other landscaping features. The rhythm and line design principle gives a landscape a sense of movement and is what may draw you “into” the landscape. This is what makes landscapes calming to our souls. Gollis University Semester 5 37

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39. 5. Proportion: Proportion refers to the size relationship of all the features in the landscape. This includes vertical, horizontal and special relationships. Short people, tall people and children all perceive space differently. Proportion in landscape design extends to building size, lot size, plant size, areas of plantings to areas of open space as well as the use of the landscape. Gollis University Semester 5 39

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41. 6. Unity: The principle of unity is easily measured if the other five landscape principles have been properly executed throughout the landscape. Unity in design simply means all the separate parts of the landscape work together to create a great total design. Colors, shapes, sizes, textures and other features work together to create a unified space. Patterns and colors are often repeated. Lighting, special features, bed shapes and hardscapes such as walk ways all need to work together to create a pleasing look and a unified landscape. Gollis University Semester 5 41

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43. Landscape Architect A landscape architect is someone who creates beautiful outdoor spaces. The scale of the profession’s focus on master planning, site planning, landscape design, project management and implementation is extensive. Projects can range from very small to very expansive residential, neighborhood parks and golf courses, to regional recreation, environmental, transportation, educational, commercial, institutional and industrial projects. Gollis University Semester 5 43

44. Rock Gardening: A rocky area in which plants particularly adapted to such land are cultivated. A garden in which rocks are arranged and plants cultivated in a carefully designed, decorative scheme. A rock garden, also known as a rockery or an alpine garden, is a type of small field or plot of ground designed to feature and emphasize extensive use of rocks or stones and occasionally boulders, along with a few plants native to rocky or alpine environments. A rock garden is an ideal way to stop soil erosion while creating an appealing landscape feature. The most attractive rock gardens are those with a natural setting that blend with a pile of stones on level ground. Gollis University Semester 5 44

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46. Location and design: An informal design is most effective, and simplicity is very important. Unless the area is quite large, avoid the use of excessive numbers of plants or elaborate rock formations. Trees are desirable to provide partial shade, and shrubs should be used for background. If adequate space is available, the garden may include paths made with flat stones and steps on steep slopes to encourage closer inspection and greater enjoyment. Gollis University Semester 5 46

47. Bog gardens Creating a bog garden in your landscape is an enjoyable project that allows you to experiment with different plant species. So exactly what is a bog garden anyway? Bog gardens exist in nature in low-lying areas, or around ponds, lakes or streams. Bog garden plants love overly moist soil, which is waterlogged, but not standing. These marshy gardens make a lovely attraction in any landscape. Gollis University Semester 5 47

48. Site Selection: Choose a sunny spot that gets five or more hours of full sun, and can be made mostly level. The main viewing area (path) should be from the south side. You can use rope or garden hose to mark an outline which will be the perimeter of the bog. Leave a 6-8 foot space on the north side of this bog if you plan on using large background plants such as Iris pseudacorus , Hibiscus coccineus , etc. Large plants must not shade out the bog. Bog gardens also can be placed along the edge of a water garden.  This design, especially good for Pitcher Plants. Gollis University Semester 5 48

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50. Chapter One (Assignment 1) This assignment consist of Three groups. Each group gained for 5 Marks. Each group should follow this rules Assignment should have cover page, table content, reference book, even website. Assignment text should be Times New Roman, Title text size (14), Sub-topics size (13), body text size (12), line spacing (1.5), align text to both right and left margins should same (Justify) and the should be 5 pages minimum and maximum 15 pages. Students should bring the assignment at date fixed, hard copy and also soft copy with word not Pdf . This email should sent all softs in word ( [email protected] ) These assignments have presentation, questions for each student in the groups. Each group assignment will be prepared an exam of Quiz 1 for 5 Marks Note These assignments should not include in the notes and also student text book. If you copy from these things, the assignment will cancel and do not give marks even 1 mark. Gollis University Semester 5 50

51. Groups Assignment Identification of Landscape Design, Landscape gardening, categories of landscape. Techniques of Principles of Landscape design, element of design. Preparation of Rock gardening, and bog gardening. Gollis University Semester 5 51