chapter-1-The-Human-body-An-Orientation.pptx

Anatomy and physiology

1. Chapter 1: The human body-- An Orientation

2. Chapter 1: The human body ---- An Orientation Anatomy Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships. Physiology Study of how the body and its parts work or function . Pathophysiology Study of functional changes associated with disease and aging .

3. Anatomy ----Levels of study Gross or Macroscopic anatomy Larger structures Can be seen with the naked eye Surface anatomy Exterior of the body to visualize the structures deeper inside the body.

4. Anatomy ----Levels of study Microscopic anatomy Structures cannot be seen with the naked eye Structures can only be viewed with a microscope Subdivisions include C ytology and Histology

5. Anatomy ----Levels of study Developmental anatomy Traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span. Embryology – concerns developmental changes that occur before birth.

6. Anatomical Imaging

7. Anatomical Imaging

8. Anatomical position Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward. Palms face anteriorly with thumbs pointed away from the body. Right and left always refers to the sides belonging to the person or specimen being viewed --- never to the viewer.

9. Language of Anatomy Positional terms Regional terms Directional terms Structural terms

10. Positional terms Prone position - anatomical position is placed face- down

11. Anatomical position supine position- anatomical position is placed face- up.

12. Anatomical position posterosuperior view - combines the posterior and superior.

13. Anatomical position Anterosuperior- c ombines anterior and superior.

14. Regional Terms Anterior body landmarks

15. Regional Terms Posterior body landmarks

16. Directional Terms Ventral (anterior) toward or at the front of the body; in front of Dorsal (posterior) toward or at the backside of the body; behind

17. Directional Terms Medial: toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of Lateral: away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of the body Intermediate: between a more medial and a more lateral structure

18. Directional Terms Proximal: close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk Distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

19. Directional Terms Superficial: toward or at the body surface Deep: away from the body surface; more internal Ipsilateral: on the same side Contralateral: opposite side

20. Directional Terms

21. Directional Terms

22. Body Planes

23. Body Planes

24. Body Planes

25. Body Planes

26. Body Planes

27. Body Planes

28. Medical Terminologies

29. Medical Terminologies

30. Body Cavities Dorsal body cavity Cranial cavity houses the brain Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord Ventral body cavity Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs, and others Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system and most urinary system organs

31. Body Cavities (and organs found within them) Dorsal Cranial cavity within the rigid skull, contains the brain. Spinal cavity which runs within the bony vertebral column, protects the spinal cord.

32. Body Cavities

33. Body Cavities (and organs found within them) Ventral Thoracic cavity Pleural cavity Mediastinum Pericardial cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity stomach intestines liver, etc. Pelvic cavity

34. Body Cavities (and organs found within them)

35. Body Cavities (and organs found within them)

36. Ventral Body Cavity Membranes Called serous membranes or serosa Parietal serosa lines internal body walls Visceral serosa covers the internal organs Serous fluid separates the serosae

37. Heart Serosae/Membranes

38. Heart Serosae/Membranes

39. Abdominopelvic quadrants (and organs found in each region) Right upper Right lower Left upper Left lower

40. Abdominopelvic Regions (and organs found in each region) Right hypochondriac Epigastric Left hypochondriac Right lumbar Umbilical Left lumbar Right iliac (inguinal) Hypogastric Left iliac (inguinal)

41. Abdominopelvic Regions (and organs found in each region)

42. Abdominopelvic Regions (and organs found in each region)

43. Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Smooth muscle cell Molecules 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Atoms 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 5 Organ system level Cardio– vascular system 6 Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems. Blood vessels Heart Levels of Structural Organization

44. Levels of Structural Organization

45. Levels of Structural Organization

46. Levels of Structural Organization

47. Levels of Structural Organization

48. Levels of Structural Organization

49. Levels of Structural Organization

50. QUIZ # 1 PREPARE FOR A QUIZ

51. QUIZ # 1 1. Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships.

52. QUIZ # 1 2. Study of how the body and its parts work or function .

53. QUIZ # 1 3. STUDY OF CELLS

54. QUIZ # 1 4. STUDY OF TISSUES

55. QUIZ # 1 5. Traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span.

56. QUIZ # 1 6. anatomical position is placed face- down

57. QUIZ # 1 7. anatomical position is placed face-up.

58. QUIZ # 1 8. Regional term for wrist

59. QUIZ # 1 9. Regional term for breast

60. QUIZ # 1 10. Regional term for groin.

61. QUIZ # 1 11. toward or at the front of the body; in front of

62. QUIZ # 1 12. away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of the body

63. QUIZ # 1 13-16. what are the body planes?

64. QUIZ # 1 13. Body cavity that houses the brain

65. QUIZ # 1 14. Body cavity that houses the heart, lungs and others.

66. QUIZ # 1 15. Serous membrane that covers the internal organs

67. QUIZ # 1 16. separates the serosae

68. QUIZ # 1 17-20. what are the body planes?

69. ASSIGNMENT # 1 IDENTIFY THE 12 ORGAN SYSTEM, THEIR MAJOR ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

70. Organ System Overview

71. Organ System Overview Integumentary Protects deeper organs from injury due to bumps, chemicals, bacteria, and dehydration. Excretes salts and urea Helps regulate body temperature Produces vitamin D Components Skin Nails Hair Cutaneous sense organs and glands

72. Organ System Overview Skeletal Protects and supports intern organs Provides levers for muscular action Cavities provide a site of blood cell formation Stores minerals Components Bones Cartilage Tendons Ligaments

73. Organ System Overview Muscular Produces movement Maintains posture Produces heat

74. Organ System Overview Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Helps maintain short- term homeostasis of the body via rapid transmission of electrical signals

75. Organ System Overview Cardiovascular Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes

76. Organ System Overview Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels Cleanses the blood Involved in immunity

77. Organ System Overview Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Contributes to the acid- base balance of the blood

78. Organ System Overview Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material as feces

79. Organ System Overview Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid- base balance Regulates water and electrolytes

80. Organ System Overview Reproductive Produces offspring Testes produce sperm and male hormone Ovaries produce eggs and female hormones

81. Necessary Life Functions Maintain boundaries Internal environment remains distinct from the external environment Movement Locomotion Movement of substances

82. Necessary Life Functions Responsiveness or excitability Ability to sense changes and react Digestion Breakdown and absorption of nutrients

83. Necessary Life Functions Metabolism — chemical reactions within the body Break down complex molecules into smaller ones Build larger molecules from smaller ones Produces energy Regulated by hormones Excretion Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions Wastes may be removed in urine or feces

84. Necessary Life Functions Reproduction Occurs on cellular level or organismal level Produces future generation Growth Increases cell size and number of cells

85. Survival Needs Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions

86. Survival Needs Water 60 to 80 percent of body weight Most abundant chemical in the human body Provides for metabolic reaction Stable body temperature 37°C (98°F) Atmospheric pressure Must be appropriate for gas exchange

87. Maintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems

88. Homeostasis Homeostasis — maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions A dynamic state of equilibrium, or balance Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance A disturbance in homeostasis results in disease

89. Homeostasis

90. Homeostasis

91. Homeostasis

92. Homeostasis

93. Homeostasis

94. Homeostasis

95. Feedback Mechanism Negative feedback Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity Works like a household thermostat

96. Feedback Mechanism Positive feedback Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby

97. Homeostatic imbalance SEROSITIS – inflammation of the serous membrane 3 TYPES: Pericarditis – inflammation of pericardium (heart) Pleuritis – also pleurisy - inflammation of pleura (lungs) Peritonitis – peritoneum

98. 1. POSITIONAL TERM 2. REGIONAL TERMS 3. DIRECTIONAL TERMS 4. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION 5.ORGAN SYSTEM 6. HOMEOSTASIS VIDEO RECITATION: