Chapter 13 Security and Ethical Challenge.ppt

Security & Ethics

1. Chapter 13 Security and
Ethical Challenges
James A. O'Brien, and George Marakas.
ManagementInformation Systems with MISource
2007, 8
th
ed.Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, Inc.,
2007.ISBN: 13 9780073323091

2. IT Security, Ethics, and Society
2Chapter 13 Security and Ethical Challenges
IT has both beneficial
and detrimental
effects on society and
people
Manage work
activities to
minimize the
detrimental effects
of IT
Optimize the
beneficial effects

3. Business Ethics
Ethics questions that managers confront as part
of their daily business decision making include:
Equity
Rights
Honesty
Exercise of corporate power
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4. Categories of Ethical Business
Issues
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5. Corporate Social Responsibility
Theories
Stockholder Theory
Managers are agents of the stockholders
Their only ethical responsibility is to increase the profits of
the business without violating the law or engaging in
fraudulent practices
Social Contract Theory
Companies have ethical responsibilities to all members of
society, who allow corporations to exist
Stakeholder Theory
Managers have an ethical responsibility to manage a firm
for the benefit of all its stakeholders
Stakeholders are all individuals and groups that have a
stake in, or claim on, a company
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6. Principles of Technology Ethics
Proportionality -The good achieved by the technology must
outweigh the harm or risk; there must be no alternative that
achieves the same or comparable benefits with less harm or
risk
Informed Consent -Those affected by the technology should
understand and accept the risks
Justice
The benefits and burdens of the technology should be
distributed fairly
Those who benefit should bear their fair share of the risks,
and those who do not benefit should not suffer a significant
increase in risk
Minimized Risk -Even if judged acceptable by the other three
guidelines, the technology must be implemented so as to
avoid all unnecessary risk
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7. AITP Standards of Professional
Conduct
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8. Responsible Professional
Guidelines
A responsible professional
Acts with integrity
Increases personal competence
Sets high standards of personal performance
Accepts responsibility for his/her work
Advances the health, privacy, and general
welfare of the public
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9. Computer Crime
Computer crime includes
Unauthorized use, access, modification, or
destruction of hardware, software, data, or
network resources
The unauthorized release of information
The unauthorized copying of software
Denying an end user access to his/her own
hardware, software, data, or network resources
Using or conspiring to use computer or
network resources illegally to obtain
information or tangible property
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10. Cybercrime Protection Measures
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11. Hacking
Hacking is
The obsessive use of computers
The unauthorized access and use of networked
computer systems
Electronic Breaking and Entering
Hacking into a computer system and reading
files, but neither stealing nor damaging anything
Cracker
A malicious or criminal hacker who maintains
knowledge of the vulnerabilities found for
private advantage
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12. Common Hacking Tactics
Denial of Service
Hammering a website’s equipment with too many requests for
information
Clogging the system, slowing performance, or crashing the site
Scans
Widespread probes of the Internet to determine types of
computers, services, and connections
Looking for weaknesses
Sniffer
Programs that search individual packets of data as they pass
through the Internet
Capturing passwords or entire contents
Spoofing
Faking an e-mail address or Web page to trick users into
passing along critical information like passwords or credit card
numbers
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13. Common Hacking Tactics
Trojan House
A program that, unknown to the user, contains instructions that
exploit a known vulnerability in some software
Back Doors
A hidden point of entry to be used in case the original entry
point is detected or blocked
Malicious Applets
Tiny Java programs that misuse your computer’s resources,
modify files on the hard disk, send fake email, or steal
passwords
War Dialing
Programs that automatically dial thousands of telephone
numbers in search of a way in through a modem connection
Logic Bombs
An instruction in a computer program that triggers a malicious
act
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14. Common Hacking Tactics
Buffer Overflow
Crashing or gaining control of a computer by sending too much
data to buffer memory
Password Crackers
Software that can guess passwords
Social Engineering
Gaining access to computer systems by talking unsuspecting
company employees out of valuable information, such as
passwords
Dumpster Diving
Sifting through a company’s garbage to find information to help
break into their computers
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15. Cyber Theft
Many computer crimes involve the theft of
money
The majority are “inside jobs” that involve
unauthorized network entry and alternation of
computer databases to cover the tracks of the
employees involved
Many attacks occur through the Internet
Most companies don’t reveal that they have
been targets or victims of cybercrime
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16. Unauthorized Use at Work
Unauthorized use of computer systems and
networks is time and resource theft
Doing private consulting
Doing personal finances
Playing video games
Unauthorized use of the Internet or company
networks
Sniffers
Used to monitor network traffic or capacity
Find evidence of improper use
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17. Internet Abuses in the Workplace
General email abuses
Unauthorized usage and access
Copyright infringement/plagiarism
Newsgroup postings
Transmission of confidential data
Pornography
Hacking
Non-work-related download/upload
Leisure use of the Internet
Use of external ISPs
Moonlighting
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18. Software Piracy
Software Piracy
Unauthorized copying of computer programs
Licensing
Purchasing software is really a payment
for a license for fair use
Site license allows a certain number of copies
18
A third of the software
industry’s revenues are
lost to piracy
Chapter 13 Security and Ethical Challenges

19. Theft of Intellectual Property
Intellectual Property
Copyrighted material
Includes such things as music, videos,
images, articles, books, and software
Copyright Infringement is Illegal
Peer-to-peer networking techniques have
made it easy to trade pirated intellectual
property
Publishers Offer Inexpensive Online Music
Illegal downloading of music and video is
down and continues to drop
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20. Viruses and Worms
A virus is a program that cannot work without
being inserted into another program
A worm can run unaided
These programs copy annoying or destructive
routines into networked computers
Copy routines spread the virus
Commonly transmitted through
The Internet and online services
Email and file attachments
Disks from contaminated computers
Shareware
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21. Top Five Virus Families of all Time
My Doom, 2004
Spread via email and over Kazaa file-sharing network
Installs a back door on infected computers
Infected email poses as returned message or one that can’t be
opened correctly, urging recipient to click on attachment
Opens up TCP ports that stay open even after termination of
the worm
Upon execution, a copy of Notepad is opened, filled with
nonsense characters
Netsky, 2004
Mass-mailing worm that spreads by emailing itself to all email
addresses found on infected computers
Tries to spread via peer-to-peer file sharing by copying itself
into the shared folder
It renames itself to pose as one of 26 other common files along
the way
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22. Top Five Virus Families of all Time
SoBig, 2004
Mass-mailing email worm that arrives as
an attachment
Examples: Movie_0074.mpg.pif, Document003.pif
Scans all .WAB, .WBX, .HTML, .EML, and .TXT files looking for
email addresses to which it can send itself
Also attempts to download updates for itself
Klez, 2002
A mass-mailing email worm that arrives with a randomly named
attachment
Exploits a known vulnerability in MS Outlook to auto-execute on
unpatched clients
Tries to disable virus scanners and then copy itself to all local
and networked drives with a random file name
Deletes all files on the infected machine and any mapped
network drives on the 13th of all even-numbered months
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23. Top Five Virus Families of all Time
Sasser, 2004
Exploits a Microsoft vulnerability to spread from computer to
computer with no user intervention
Spawns multiple threads that scan local subnets for
vulnerabilities
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24. The Cost of Viruses, Trojans,
Worms
Cost of the top five virus families
Nearly 115 million computers in 200 countries
were infected in 2004
Up to 11 million computers are believed to
be permanently infected
In 2004, total economic damage from virus
proliferation was $166 to $202 billion
Average damage per computer is between
$277 and $366
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25. Adware and Spyware
Adware
Software that purports to serve a useful
purpose, and often does
Allows advertisers to display pop-up and
banner ads without the consent of the
computer users
Spyware
Adware that uses an Internet connection in
the background, without the user’s permission
or knowledge
Captures information about the user and
sends it over the Internet
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26. Spyware Problems
Spyware can steal private information and also
Add advertising links to Web pages
Redirect affiliate payments
Change a users home page and search settings
Make a modem randomly call premium-rate
phone numbers
Leave security holes that let Trojans in
Degrade system performance
Removal programs are often not completely
successful in eliminating spyware
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27. Privacy Issues
The power of information technology to store
and retrieve information can have a negative
effect on every individual’s right to privacy
Personal information is collected with every
visit to a Web site
Confidential information stored by credit
bureaus, credit card companies, and the
government has been stolen or misused
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28. Opt-in Versus Opt-out
Opt-In
You explicitly consent to allow data to be
compiled about you
This is the default in Europe
Opt-Out
Data can be compiled about you unless you
specifically request it not be
This is the default in the U.S.
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29. Privacy Issues
Violation of Privacy
Accessing individuals’ private email conversations and
computer records
Collecting and sharing information about individuals gained
from their visits to Internet websites
Computer Monitoring
Always knowing where a person is
Mobile and paging services are becoming more closely
associated with people than with places
Computer Matching
Using customer information gained from many sources to
market additional business services
Unauthorized Access of Personal Files
Collecting telephone numbers, email addresses, credit card
numbers, and other information to build customer profiles
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30. Protecting Your Privacy on the
Internet
There are multiple ways to protect your privacy
Encrypt email
Send newsgroup postings through
anonymous remailers
Ask your ISP not to sell your name and
information to mailing list providers and
other marketers
Don’t reveal personal data and interests on
online service and website user profiles
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31. Privacy Laws
Electronic Communications Privacy Act
and Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
Prohibit intercepting data communications messages, stealing or
destroying data, or trespassing in federal-related computer
systems
U.S. Computer Matching and Privacy Act
Regulates the matching of data held in federal agency files to
verify eligibility for federal programs
Other laws impacting privacy and how
much a company spends on compliance
Sarbanes-Oxley
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
Gramm-Leach-Bliley
USA Patriot Act
California Security Breach Law
Securities and Exchange Commission rule 17a-4
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32. Computer Libel and Censorship
The opposite side of the privacy debate…
Freedom of information, speech, and press
Biggest battlegrounds -bulletin boards, email boxes, and
online files of Internet and public networks
Weapons used in this battle –spamming, flame mail,
libel laws, and censorship
Spamming -Indiscriminate sending of unsolicited email
messages to many Internet users
Flaming
Sending extremely critical, derogatory, and often
vulgar email messages or newsgroup posting to other
users on the Internet or online services
Especially prevalent on special-interest newsgroups
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33. Cyberlaw
Laws intended to regulate activities over the Internet or via
electronic communication devices
Encompasses a wide variety of legal and political issues
Includes intellectual property, privacy, freedom of
expression, and jurisdiction
The intersection of technology and the law is controversial
Some feel the Internet should not be regulated
Encryption and cryptography make traditional form of
regulation difficult
The Internet treats censorship as damage and simply
routes around it
Cyberlaw only began to emerge in 1996
Debate continues regarding the applicability of legal
principles derived from issues that had nothing to do with
cyberspace
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34. Other Challenges
Employment
IT creates new jobs and increases productivity
It can also cause significant reductions in job opportunities, as well as
requiring new job skills
Computer Monitoring
Using computers to monitor the productivity and behavior of employees as
they work
Criticized as unethical because it monitors individuals, not just work, and is
done constantly
Criticized as invasion of privacy because many employees do not know
they are being monitored
Working Conditions
IT has eliminated monotonous or obnoxious tasks
However, some skilled craftsperson jobs have been replaced by jobs
requiring routine, repetitive tasks or standby roles
Individuality
Dehumanizes and depersonalizes activities because computers eliminate
human relationships
Inflexible systems
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35. Health Issues
Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs)
Disorders suffered by people who sit at a
PC or terminal and do fast-paced repetitive
keystroke jobs
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Painful, crippling ailment of the hand
and wrist
Typically requires surgery to cure
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36. Ergonomics
Designing healthy
work environments
Safe, comfortable,
and pleasant for
people to work in
Increases
employee morale
and productivity
Also called human
factors
engineering
36Chapter 13 Security and Ethical Challenges
Ergonomics Factors

37. Societal Solutions
Using information technologies to solve human
and social problems
Medical diagnosis
Computer-assisted instruction
Governmental program planning
Environmental quality control
Law enforcement
Job placement
The detrimental effects of IT
Often caused by individuals or organizations
not accepting ethical responsibility for their
actions
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38. Security Management of IT
The Internet was developed for inter-operability,
not impenetrability
Business managers and professionals alike
are responsible for the security, quality, and
performance of business information systems
Hardware, software, networks, and data
resources must be protected by a variety
of security measures
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39. Security Management
The goal of security
management is the
accuracy, integrity,
and safety of all
information system
processes and
resources
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40. Internetworked Security Defenses
Encryption
Data is transmitted in scrambled form
It is unscrambled by computer systems for
authorized users only
The most widely used method uses a pair of
public and private keys unique to each
individual
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41. Public/Private Key Encryption
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42. Internetworked Security Defenses
Firewalls
A gatekeeper system that protects a
company’s intranets and other computer
networks from intrusion
Provides a filter and safe transfer point for
access to/from the Internet and other
networks
Important for individuals who connect to the
Internet with DSL or cable modems
Can deter hacking, but cannot prevent it
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43. Internet and Intranet Firewalls
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44. Denial of Service Attacks
Denial of service attacks depend on three
layers of networked computer systems
The victim’s website
The victim’s Internet service provider
Zombie or slave computers that have been
commandeered by the cybercriminals
44Chapter 13 Security and Ethical Challenges

45. Defending Against Denial of Service
At Zombie Machines
Set and enforce security policies
Scan for vulnerabilities
At the ISP
Monitor and block traffic spikes
At the Victim’s Website
Create backup servers and network
connections
45Chapter 13 Security and Ethical Challenges

46. Internetworked Security Defenses
Email Monitoring
Use of content monitoring software that scans
for troublesome words that might compromise
corporate security
Virus Defenses
Centralize the updating and distribution of
antivirus software
Use a security suite that integrates virus
protection with firewalls, Web security,
and content blocking features
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47. Other Security Measures
Security Codes
Multilevel password system
Encrypted passwords
Smart cards with microprocessors
Backup Files
Duplicate files of data or programs
Security Monitors
Monitor the use of computers and networks
Protects them from unauthorized use, fraud, and destruction
Biometrics
Computer devices measure physical traits that make each
individual unique
Voice recognition, fingerprints, retina scan
Computer Failure Controls
Prevents computer failures or minimizes its effects
Preventive maintenance
Arrange backups with a disaster recovery organization
47Chapter 13 Security and Ethical Challenges

48. Other Security Measures
In the event of a system failure, fault-tolerant systemshave
redundant processors, peripherals, and software that provide
Fail-over capability: shifts to back up components
Fail-save capability: the system continues to operate at the
same level
Fail-soft capability: the system continues to operate at a
reduced but acceptable level
A disaster recovery plancontains formalized procedures to follow
in the event of a disaster
Which employees will participate
What their duties will be
What hardware, software, and facilities will be used
Priority of applications that will be processed
Use of alternative facilities
Offsite storage of databases
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49. Information System Controls
Methods and
devices that
attempt to
ensure the
accuracy,
validity, and
propriety of
information
system
activities
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50. Auditing IT Security
IT Security Audits
Performed by internal or external auditors
Review and evaluation of security measures
and management policies
Goal is to ensure that that proper and
adequate measures and policies are in place
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51. Protecting Yourself from
Cybercrime
51Chapter 13 Security and Ethical Challenges