Chapter 2 - Facilitating Learner-Centered Teaching

Facilitating Learner-Centered Teaching

1. Metacognition: Thinking
About Thinking
Chapter 2

2. Lesson 1: Metacognition and
Metacognitive Knowledge

3. Learning objectives:
●Explain metacognition and metacognitive
knowledge;
●Determine metacognitive knowledge required in
a specific competency;
●Apply concepts learned in assessing work and
outputs

4. Metacognition
I am sure
my answer
is correct
Am I
understanding
the message
the author has
written?
•Is attributed to Flavel
•Is the ability to thinkabout
and regulate one’s own
thoughts. Teaching
metacognitive strategies can
improve learners’ performance
at school. This makes it a
good, evidence-based target
for intervention.

5. Metacognition I am sure
my
answer is
correct
Am I
understanding
the message
the author has
written?
•A simplified definition
metacognition is “thinking
about thinking,” but
metacognition also
encompasses the
regulationof these
thoughts –the ability to
change them.

6. COMPONENTS of
METACOGNITION
✓Metacognitive Knowledge
✓Metacognitive Regulation

7. ●Also called as knowledge of cognition
●Refers to “what individuals know about their
cognition or cognition in general” (Schraw, 2002)
●It involves three kinds of metacognitive awareness
namely: declarative knowledge, procedural
knowledge, and conditional knowledge.
METACOGNITIVE KNOWLEDGE

8. ●Also called personal knowledge.
●Learner’s knowledge about things.
●Learner’s understanding of own abilities
●Knowledge about oneself as a learner
DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE

9. Examples:
●Quoting what a professor said during a lecture.
●Memorizing the periodic table.
●Remembering what you and the love of your life
said to each other the first time you met.
●Recalling the ingredients of a recipe.
DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE

10. ●Also called task knowledge.
●It involves the knowledge of how to do things
and how skills or competencies are executed.
●The assessment on the learner’s task knowledge
includes what knowledge is needed (content)
and the space available to communicate what is
known(length).
PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE

11. ●Also called strategy knowledge.
●Refers to the ability to know when and why
various cognitive acts such should be applied.
●It involves using strategies to learn information
(knowing how to know) as well as adapting
them to novel contexts (knowing when a
strategy is appropriate).
CONDITIONAL KNOWLEDGE

12. ●Metacognitive knowledge is the result of an
individual’s metacognitive experiences.
●Metacognitive experiences are experiences that
“an individual has through which knowledge is
attained, or through regulation occurs” (Flavell,
1979)

13. ●Similarly, metacognitive knowledge depends so
much on the learner’s metamemory.
●Metamemory is the knowledge of what memory
is, how it works, and how to remember things.
●Through instruction and individual effort,
metamemory develops over time.

14. Identify if the following thoughts are more declarative,
procedural, or conditional knowledge.
1.I know that the context of this problem is not suited to the
theory.
2.There are three ways to solve this problem.
3.Mount Kanlaonerupted last June 3, 2024.
4.ROYGBIV makes it easy for me to remember the colors of the
rainbow.
5.This is an irregular verb, thus adding –ed to the word to make
it past tense does not apply.

15. ●Metacognition is one’s awareness of his or her thinking and
the ability to control it while processing a task.
●It involves metacognitive knowledge, which comprises by:
declarative (knowledge about things), procedural (knowledge
of processes), and conditional knowledge (knowledge of what
is appropriate for the context or situation.
●These components of knowledge are influenced by
metacognitive experiences and metamemory.
In Summary

16. Lesson 2: Metacognitive
Regulation and Control

17. Learning objectives:
●Explain the meaning of metacognitive regulation;
●Determine dominant approach in learning and studying;
●Analyze the relationship among the three metacognitive
processes;
●Operationalize metacognitive processes in a given
situation or context.

18. ●Metacognitive regulation is the second component of
metacognition.
●While metacognitive knowledge refers to the learners’ knowledge
or beliefs about the factors that affect cognitive skills.
●Metacognitive regulation pertains to the ability of the learners to
trackof (monitor) and assesstheir knowledge or learning.
●It includes their ability to find out what, when, and howto use a
particular skill for a given task.
●Self-regulationis essential in metacognition.
METACOGNITIVE REGULATION

19. Metacognitive Regulation and Control Processes
EVALUATING
MONITORING
PLANNING

20. ●Involves the selection of appropriate strategiesand the
allocation of resourcesthat affect performance (Schraw,
2002).
●Together with setting goals, planning is considered a
central part of students’ ability to control their learning
processes and to learn outcomes through deliberate
self-regulatory decisions and actions.
PLANNING

21. ●Goals are dichotomized as master goals and
performance goals (Paulson & Bauer, 2011)
○Mastery goals are related to process, learning, and
development.
○Performance goals are usually associated with
product orientations and demonstrating competence
or social comparisons to the peer group.
PLANNING

22. Example:
●A student who desires to get high grade (performance
goal) in a Science class portfolio determines how best to
make all entries in the portfolio exemplary in all criteria
as described in the scoring rubric (mastery goal).
■What am I asked to learn or do here?
■What do I already know about this lesson or task?
■What should be my pacing to complete this task?
■What should I focus on when learning or solving this task?
PLANNING

23. ●Refers to one’s ongoing awareness of comprehension
and task performance (Schraw, 2002).
●Given a task, it involves the awareness of the person
that the prerequisiteknowledge and process to manage
the task is sufficient to succeed.
●It also involves the ability to consider the accuracy of the
knowledge and procedure to solve the task.
MONITORING

24. ●Assessing knowledge or learning
●Refers to appraising the products and efficiency of one’s
learning.
●It involves the person’s ability to evaluate how well the
strategies are used to lead to the solutionof the problem or
completion of the task.
●It tells whether or not the procedure resulted to the correct
answer or a different answer.
EVALUATING

25. Classify the following questions/statements if the learner is
engaged in planning, monitoring, or evaluating phases is
metacognitive regulation.
1.Is this strategy leading me to the correct answer?
2.My answer does not match the standards in the scoring
rubric.
3.What strategy is best for this type of problem?
4.What does this task expect me to produce?
5.The teacher is nodding as I speak, I am right in organizing my
answer.

26. ●Metacognition processes involve one’s ability to control and
regulate his or her learning. It involves planning (the use of
appropriate strategies and resources), monitoring (keeping
track of the progress of learning), and evaluating (determining
the result or product of learning).
●In every stage, asking questions and providing answers serve
as guide to the thinking process.
In Summary

27. Lesson 3: Metacognitive
Instruction

28. Learning objectives:
●Identify metacognitive strategies for a particular
lesson; and
●Operationalize metacognitive processes in a
given situation/context.

29. ●Metacognitive strategies facilitates how learners learn.
●According to studies, metacognitive teaching practices
enhance the learners’ capabilities to transfer their
competencies in learning new tasks in new contexts
(Palinscar& Brown, 1984; Schoenfeld, 1991)
●Metacognitive teaching practices make learners aware
of their strengths and weaknessesas they learn.
METACOGNITIVE STRATEGIES

30. ●Graphic organizers
●Think aloud
●Journalizing
●Error analysis
●Wrapper
●Peer Mentoring
METACOGNITIVE TEACHING STRATEGIES:

31. Graphic organizers
●Are visual illustrations displaying the relationships
between facts, information, ideas, or concepts.
●Through visual displays, learners are guided in their
thinking as they fill in the needed information.
●One good example is the KWHLAQ chart, a variant of the
KWL chart. It is useful during the planning, monitoring,
and evaluating phases of metacognition.
METACOGNITIVE TEACHING STRATEGIES:

34. Think aloud
●Helps learners to think aloud about their thinking as they
undertake a task.
●The learners report their thoughts while they do it.
●With the help of a more knowledgeable learner, the errors
in thinking and the inadequacy of declarative, procedural,
and conditional knowledge can be pointed out, giving the
learner increased self-awareness during learning.
METACOGNITIVE TEACHING STRATEGIES:

35. Journalizing
●Can be used together with think aloud.
●In a journal, learners write what was in their mindwhen
they selected an answer and the reasons for their choice.
Later, they will write about their realizations where they
were wrong and what should have been considered in
answering. Finally, they resolve on what to do the next
time a similar situation/problem arises.
METACOGNITIVE TEACHING STRATEGIES:

36. Error analysis
●Is a “systematic approach for using feedback
metacognitively to improve one’s future performance”
(Hopeman, 2002).
●Asking the learners where they are correct and wrong
provides avenues for them to evaluate their thinking.
●It results in a learner’s metacognitive knowledge of own
mistakes and making use of them to improve future
performance.
METACOGNITIVE TEACHING STRATEGIES:

37. Wrapper
●Is an activity that fosters learners’ metacognition before,
during, and after a class.
●In a reading class, before the selection is read, the teacher
asks about the theme of the selection based on the story
title. While reading the selection, learners are asked if their
assumptions were true. After reading, the learners are
asked what made them comprehend or not comprehend
the story.
METACOGNITIVE TEACHING STRATEGIES:

38. Peer Mentoring
●Is a proven metacognitive strategy as many learners learn
best when studying with peers who are more informed
and skilled than them.
●Novice learners, by observing their more skilled peers, can
learn from the metacognitive strategies of their peer
mentors.
●The use of cooperative learning strategies is helpful
towards this goal.
METACOGNITIVE TEACHING STRATEGIES:

39. Metacognitive knowledge includes
the ability to identify what we do
and do not know, metacognitive
regulationinvolves the actions we
take in order to learn.

40. 1.To process their thinking, Mr. Santos asks learners who failed to
get the answer correctly to identify the reason how and why they
went wrong.
2.Mr. Valdez groups his learners into two, with each member
inquiring how the other has arrived at the measures to combat air
pollution.
3.Miss Cordero assigns the EPP learners to reflect on the learnings in
class, and what these meant to them as a member of the family.
Identify the metacognitive teaching strategy used
based on the description given.

41. 4.Mrs. Mercado asks Mathematics learners, “Give me one
significant lesson you derived from this lesson.
5.At the beginning of the Social Studies class, Miss Dizon uses
a matrix to elicit learners’ prior knowledge about the topic
for discussion.
Identify the metacognitive teaching strategy used
based on the description given.

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