Chapter 3 research design

This PPt contains Context of data of research design such as the purpose of research design, characteristics of good research design and steps involved in research design formation,
#Research design # Objectuve of research design # Research design steps # Process involved in Research design.

1. Chapter 3 Research Design By Niranjan H N

2. Definition By William Zikmund “Research design is the plan, structure and strategy of investigation conceived so as to obtain answers to research questions and to control variance.”

3. Purpose of a Research Design:

4. Characteristics of Good Research Design

5. Steps in Research Design

6. Types of Research design

7. Experimental Design Meaning Experimental research is research conducted with a scientific approach using two sets of variables. The first set acts as a constant, which you use to measure the differences of the second set. 

8. 5 key steps in designing an experiment

9. Step 1 Define your variables Ex : Phone use and sleep You want to know how phone use before bedtime affects sleep patterns. Specifically, you ask how the number of minutes a person uses their phone before sleep affects the number of hours they sleep. Research question Independent variable Dependent variable Phone use and sleep Minutes of phone use before sleep Hours of sleep per night Research Question Extraneous variable How to control Phone use and sleep Natural variation  in sleep patterns among individuals.   Control statistically measure the average difference between sleep with phone use and sleep with phone use rather than the average amount of sleep per treatment group.

10. Step 2: Write your hypothesis Research Question Null hypothesis (H ) Alternate hypothesis (H 1 ) Phone use and sleep Phone use before sleep does not correlate with the amount of sleep a person gets. Increasing phone use before sleep leads to a decrease in sleep.

11. Step 3: Design your experimental treatments

12. Step 4: Assign your subjects to treatment groups Research Question Completely randomized design Randomized block design Phone use and sleep Subjects are all randomly assigned a level of phone use using a random number generator. Subjects are first grouped by age, and then phone use treatments are randomly assigned within these groups. Research Question Between-subjects (independent measures) design Within-subjects (repeated measures) design Phone use and sleep Subjects are randomly assigned a level of phone use (none, low, or high) and follow that level of phone use throughout the experiment. Subjects are assigned consecutively to zero, low, and high levels of phone use throughout the experiment, and the order in which they follow these treatments is randomized.

13. Step 5: Measure your dependent variable Ex: your experiment about phone use and sleep, you could measure your dependent variable in one of two ways: Ask participants to record what time they go to sleep and get up each day. Ask participants to wear a sleep tracker.

14. When To Use Experimental Design Used to test causal relationships Involves manipulating an independent variable and measuring its effect on a dependent variable Subjects are randomly assigned to groups Usually conducted in a controlled environment (e.g., a lab)

15. Types Of Experimental Research Design

16. A group, or various groups, are kept under observation after implementing factors of cause and effect. You’ll conduct this research to understand whether further investigation is necessary for these particular groups. This can be breakdown into 3types One-shot Case Study Research Design One-group Pretest-posttest Research Design Static-group Comparison 1) Pre-Experimental Research Design

17. 2) True Experimental Research Design True experimental research relies on statistical analysis to prove or disprove a hypothesis , making it the most accurate form of research. Of the types of experimental design, only true design can establish a cause-effect relationship within a group. 

18.  Three Factors Need To Be Satisfied: There is a Control Group , which won’t be subject to changes, and an Experimental Group, which will experience the changed variables. A variable which can be manipulated by the researcher Random distribution This experimental research method commonly occurs in the physical sciences.

19. 3)Quasi-Experimental Research Design The word “Quasi” indicates similarity. A quasi-experimental design is like experimental, but it is not the same. The difference between the two is the assignment of a control group . In this research, an independent variable is manipulated, but the participants of a group are not randomly assigned . Quasi-research is used in field settings where random assignment is either irrelevant or not required.

20. WHY EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

21. Descriptive research Descriptive research aims to accurately and systematically describe a population, situation or phenomenon. It can answer  what, where, when and how  questions , but not why questions. A descriptive research design can use a wide variety of research methods to investigate one or more variables . Unlike in experimental research, the researcher does not control or manipulate any of the variables, but only observes and measures them.

22. an apparel brand that wants to understand the fashion purchasing trends among New York buyers will conduct a demographic survey of this region, gather population data and then conduct descriptive research on this demographic segment. The study will then uncover details on “ what is the purchasing pattern of New York buyers,” but not cover any investigative information about “why” the patterns exits. Because for the apparel brand trying to break into this market, understanding the nature of their market is the study’s objective.

23. When To Use A Descriptive Research Design?

24. Characteristics Of Descriptive Research

25. Applications of descriptive research

26. Descriptive research methods Observational method Case study method Survey research

27. Advantages Of Descriptive Research Data collection Varied Natural environment Quick to perform and cheap

28. EXAMPLE I f a school district wishes to evaluate teachers’ attitudes about using technology in the classroom. By conducting surveys and observing their comfortableness using technology through observational methods, the researcher can gauge what they can help understand if a full-fledged implementation can face an issue. This also helps in understanding if the students are impacted in any way with this change.

29. Questions That Can Lead To Descriptive Research Are: Market researchers want to observe the habits of consumers. A company wants to evaluate the morale of its staff. A school district wants to understand if students will access online lessons rather than textbooks. To understand if its wellness programs enhance the overall health of the employees.

30. Correlational Research Design A correlational research design investigates relationships between variables without the researcher controlling or manipulating any of them. A correlation reflects the strength and/or direction of the relationship between two (or more) variables. The direction of a correlation can be either positive or negative .

31. Correlation Results Positive correlation Both variables change in the same direction As height increases, weight also increases Negative correlation The variables change in opposite directions As coffee consumption increases, tiredness decreases Zero correlation There is no relationship between the variables Coffee consumption is not correlated with height

32. When to use correlational research To investigate non-causal relationships To explore causal Relationships Between Variable To test new measurements tools This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

33. Correlational research Experimental research Purpose Used to test strength of association between variables Used to test cause-and-effect relationships between variables Variables Variables are only observed with no manipulation or intervention by researchers An  independent variable  is manipulated, and a dependent variable is observed Control Limited  control  is used, so other variables may play a role in the relationship Extraneous variables  are controlled so that they can’t impact your variables of interest Validity High  external validity : you can confidently generalize your conclusions to other populations or settings High  internal validity : you can confidently draw conclusions about causation Correlational V/s Experimental

34. Qualitative Research design Qualitative research is defined as a  market research  method that focuses on obtaining data through open-ended and conversational communication . This method is not only about “what” people think but also “why” they think so. Qualitative research is based on the disciplines of social sciences like psychology, sociology, and anthropology.

35. Characteristics of qualitative research methods Natural Environment (Natural Setting). Researcher As A Key Instrument Multiple Sources Of Data  Inductive Data Analysis.  Design That Develops (Emergent Design). Meaning of participants    Theoretical Perspective  Interpretive.   A Holistic Account. 

36. Qualitative Research Methods One on one interview Focus Group Ethnographic research Case study research Record keeping Process of observation:

37. a) One on one interview One respondent at a time In-depth knowledge Purely conversational Small group of respondents Heterogenous Responded

38. Types Of One-On-One Interview Structured Interview : Topic and Subtopic Semi structured : Subject Undirected Interview : only main topic

39. b)Focus Group Limited Number of respondents within your target market Finds solution to why what and how questions Ex: Market research on new product and testing new concepts Follow-up reformulation: "And then?”, ”But?” ). Confirmation reformulation: (“If I've understood correctly...”). Investigation reformulation: (“Could you explain that again?

40. c) Ethnographic research It  is the most in-depth observational method that studies people in their naturally occurring environment. This research design aims to understand the cultures, challenges, motivations, and settings that occur.

41. d) Case study research: education, social sciences and similar. 

42. Data Collection Strategy

43. e) Record keeping: A lready existing reliable documents and similar sources of information as the data source. 

44. When to use qualitative research

45. EXAMPLE : Question Let’s take the example of a bookstore owner who is looking for ways to improve their sales and customer outreach. An online community of members who were the loyal patrons of the bookstore were interviewed and related questions were asked, and the questions were answered by them.

46. Example: Solution At the end of the interview, it was realized that most of the books in the stores were suitable for adults and there were not enough options for children or teenagers.

47. Qualitative research methods vs quantitative research methods Attributes Qualitative research methods Quantitative research methods Analytical objectives This research method focuses on describing individual experiences and beliefs. Quantitative research method focuses on describing the characteristics of a population . Types of questions asked Open-ended questions Closed-ended questions Data collection Instrument Use semi-structured methods such as in-depth interviews, focus groups, and participant observation Use highly structured methods such as structured observation using questionnaires and surveys Form of data produced Descriptive data Numerical data Degree of flexibility Participant responses affect how, and which questions researchers ask next Participant responses do not influence or determine how, and which questions researchers ask next