CHAPTER-6-ENVIRONMENTAL-SCIENCE......ppt

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1. CHAPTER 6: IMPACTS ON
THE ENVIRONMENT &
HUMAN HEALTH
Prepared & Presented by:
MARY ROSE P. FAJARDO
MAED PHYSICAL SCIENCE

2. TOPICS:
EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURE
AND PEST CONTROL01
02
URBAN LAND
DEVELOPMENT AND
TRANSPORTATION
INFRASTRUCTURE
03
MINING AND HAZARDOUS
CHEMICALS IN THE
ENVIRONMENT

3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
Understand the relationship between agricultural practices and their
impact on the environment.
Identify the various environmental challenges associated with
conventional agricultural practices, including soil degradation, water
pollution, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity
Analyze the ways in which agricultural activities can directly and indirectly
affect human health, including pesticide exposure, food contamination,
and diet-related health issues
Assess the human health impacts of pest control practices, including
acute and chronic toxicity, occupational hazards, and the presence of
pesticide residues in food and water sources.
Explore sustainable agriculture practices and their potential to
mitigate environmental damage and improve human health
outcomes, including Integrated Pest Management (IPM), organic
farming, agroecology, and conservation agriculture.

4. Vocabulary
Deforestation–the removal of large areas of
forests for human purposes
Desertification–the development of desert like
conditions due to human activities and/or climate
change
UrbanSprawl –the development of land for
houses and other buildings near a city
Reforestation–planting trees to replace trees
that have been cut or burned down
Reclamation–the process of restoring land
disturbed by mining

5. INTRODUCTION:
WHAT IS AGRICULTURE?
IMPORTANCE?

6. AGRICULTURE IN THE
PHILIPPINES:
The Philippines, one of the largest
island groups In the world with over
7,100 islands and a wealth of natural
resources, is prone to seismic and
volcanic activity.
The mountainous island archipelago is
of volcanic origin forming part of the
“Pacific Ring of Fire”, and has a
tropical climate with high annual
temperatures, humidity and rainfall.

7. AGRICULTURE IN THE
PHILIPPINES:
Major industries:
electronics assembly,
garments, footwear,
pharmaceuticals,
chemicals, wood
products, food
processing, petroleum
refining, fishing
Natural Resources: timber,
petroleum, nickel, cobalt,
silver, gold, salt, copper
Agricultural products:
sugarcane, coconuts,
rice, corn, banana,
cassava, pineapple,
mango, pork, eggs,
beef, fish

8. AGRICULTURE: PILLAR
OF PHILIPPINE
ECONOMY
The agricultural sector employs about 30% of
the population but contributes only 12% of GDP.
Almost 5 million farmers cultivate 9.7 million
hectares, or about 30% of the total land area of
the country.

9. WHAT DOES HUMAN
IMPACT MEAN???

10. EFFECTS OF
AGRICULTUR
E & PEST
CONTROL
0
1

11. PESTICIDES
Pertains to the
substances used as
insecticides, fungicides,
herbicides,
rodenticides,
molluscicides and
nematicides.

13. AGRICULTURE
WATER POLLUTION

14. SOURCES OF AWP
POINT SOURCES
Point source pollution refers to contaminants that enter a
waterway from a single, identifiable source, such as a pipe
or ditch.A way to remember what point source pollution is
that you can point to where the pollution came from

15. SOURCES OF AWP
NON-POINT SOURCES
arises from a broad group of human activities for which
the pollutants have no obvious point of entry into
receiving watercourses.
Called as diffuse source of AWP.
non-point source pollution is much more difficult to
identify, measure and control than point sources

16. NONPOINT SOURCES
Urban streets
Suburban
development
Wastewater
treatment
plant
Rural homes
Cropland
Factory
Animal feedlot
POINT
SOURCES

17. PESTICIDES
Pesticidesandherbicidesare applied to
agricultural land to control pests that
disrupt crop production.
Pesticide leaching
Pesticide leaching occurs when pesticides
mix with water and move through the
soil, ultimately contaminating
groundwater. The amount of leaching is
correlated with particular soil and
pesticide characteristics and the
degree of rainfall and irrigation.
Leaching is most likely to happen if
using a water-soluble pesticide, when
the soil tends to be sandy in texture, if
excessive watering occurs just after
pesticide application, if the adsorption
ability of the pesticide to the soil is low

19. Fertilizers
Leaching, runoff, and eutrophication
Thenitrogen(N) andphosphorus(P) applied to
agricultural land (via synthetic fertilizers, composts,
manures, biosolids, etc.) can provide valuable plant
nutrients. However, if not managed correctly, excess
N and P can have negative environmental
consequences. Excess N supplied by both synthetic
fertilizers (as highly soluble nitrate) and organic
sources such as manures(whose organic N is
mineralized to nitrate by soil microorganisms) can
lead to groundwater contamination of nitrate. Nitrate-
contaminated drinking water can causeblue baby
syndrome. Together with excess P from these same
fertilizer sources,eutrophicationcan occur
downstream due to excess nutrient supply, leading
toanoxicareas called dead zones.

21. EUTROPHICATION IN
LAGUNA LAKE

24. Agriculture and the Nitrogen
Cycle
It takes a lot of food to feed 8 billion people
To meet the food demands of the world’s
population, farmer often add fertilizers that
contain nitrogen to soil to increase crop yield
Living things must use nitrogen to make
proteins
When living things die and decompose they
release that nitrogen back into the soil and the
atmosphere

26. Agriculture and the Nitrogen
Cycle
Although nitrogen gas makes up about 79% if
Earth’s atmosphere, most living things cannot
use the gaseous form of nitrogen.
Nitrogen must be converted into a usable form.
Bacteria that live on the roots pf certain plants
convert atmospheric N into a form useful for
plants.
Fertilizers used today contain a abundant
amount of Nitrogen in its usable form

27. Agriculture and the Nitrogen
Cycle
Scientists estimate that human activities such as
manufacturing and applying fertilizers to crops
have double the amount of nitrogen cycling
through ecosystems.
Excess nitrogen can kill plants adapted to low
nitrogen levels and affect organisms that depend
on those plants for food.
Fertilizers can seep into groundwater supplies,
polluting drinking water
They can also run off into streams and rivers,
affecting aquatic organisms

28. Other Effects of Agriculture
Soil erosion can occur when land is
overfarmed or overgrazed
High rates of soil erosion can lead to
desertification
Desertificationis the development of desert-
like conditions due to human activities and/or
climate change
A region of land that undergoes desertification
is no longer useful for food production

30. Public health impacts
Contamination of water supplies
primarily by pesticides and
fertilizers.
Disease outbreak.
Microbiological contamination of
food crops.
Contamination of food crops with
toxic chemicals.

31. Ecological impact
1.Major decline and extinctions of
animal, fish and vegetation
species.
2.Destruction of major ecosystems.

32. Solutions
Nutrient management:Applying fertilizers in
the proper amount, at the right time of year
and with the right method can significantly
reduce the potential for pollution.
Cover crops:Planting certain grasses, grains
or clovers can help keep nutrients out of the
water by recycling excess nitrogen and
reducing soil erosion.

33. Buffers:Planting trees, shrubs and grass around
fields, especially those that border water bodies,
can help by absorbing or filtering out nutrients
before they reach a water body.
Conservation tillage:Reducing how often fields
are tilled reduces erosion and soil compaction,
builds soil organic matter, and reduces runoff.
Drainage water management:Reducing nutrient
loadings that drain from agricultural fields helps
prevent degradation of the water in local streams
and lakes.

35. URBAN LAND
DEVELOPMENT AND
TRANSPORTATION
INFRASTRUCTURE
0
2

36. Construction and Development
Land itself is also a very important resource.
People use land for living space.

37. Urban Sprawl
The development of land for houses and other
buildings near a city is called urban sprawl.
Urban sprawl impacts the environment by habitat
destruction and loss of valuable farmland
As more ground is paved for sidewalks and
streets, runoff increases because rainwater
cannot drain into the soil.
Typically runoff from cities and suburbs contain
many pollutants, like sediment and chemicals,
which can reduce the water quality in streams,
rivers, and groundwater

40. Roadways
The history of transportation in the
Philippines dates back to the era of horse-
drawn carriages.

41. Roadways

43. Recreation
People also use land for recreation

44. What are the specific
consequences of urban sprawl
on biodiversity and natural
ecosystems?

45. Positive Actions
Human actions can have negative effects on
the environment, but they can have positive
impacts as well
Governments, society, and individuals can
work together to reduce the impact of human
activities on land resources.

46. Protecting the Land
Protected forests and parks are important
habitats for wildlife and are enjoyed by millions
of visitors each year
Mining and logging are allowed on some of these
lands
However, the removal of resources must meet
environmental regulations

47. NATIONAL/NATURAL PARKS

51. NATURAL MONUMENTS

52. PROTECTED
LANDSCAPES/SEASCAPES

53. Reforestation and Reclamation
A forest is a complex ecosystem,
With careful planning, it can be managed as a
renewable resource.
For example, trees can be select-cut
That means that only some trees in one area are cut
down, rather than the entire forest.
People also can practice reforestation
Reforestationinvolves planting trees to replace
trees that have been cut or burned down
Reforestation can keep a forest healthy or help
reestablish a deforested area.

55. Reforestation and Reclamation
Mined land also can be made environmentally
healthy through reclamation.
Reclamationis the process of restoring land
disturbed by mining.
This happens by reshaping the area, covering it
with soil, and replanting trees and other
vegetation.

56. Green Spaces
Many cities use green spaces to create natural
environments in urban settings.
Green spaces are areas that are left
undeveloped or lightly developed.
They include parks within cities and forests
around suburbs
Green spaces provide recreational opportunities
for people and shelter for wildlife
They also reduce runoff and improve air quality as
plants remove excess CO2 from the air

57. MAKATI CITY

58. AYALA TRIANGLE GARDENS

59. QUEZON CITY

60. RIZAL PARK

61. HOW CAN YOU HELP?

62. How can you help?
Individuals can have a big-impact on land use
issues by practicing the 3-Rs.
Reusing is using an item for a new purpose
Reducing is using fewer resources
Recycling is making new products from a used
product
Composting also lessens land impact
You can compost food scraps into a material that
is added to soil to increase its fertility
Compost is a mixture of decaying organic matter
that improves soil quality by adding nutrients.

64. https://secret-ph.com/from-horse-drawn-
carriages-to-modern-buses-the-evolution-of-
philippine-transportation/
http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/
www.epa.gov
www.wikipedia.org
http://npic.orst.edu/envir/efate.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IndPs2Xob
Ls

66. Environmental Impact of
Agriculture –Key Takeaways
Agriculture is
disrupted by
environmental
‘fickleness’ war, and
other natural or
artificial factors
worldwide.
Agriculture impacts
the environment
through pesticide and
fertilizer use, air
pollution,
deforestation, etc.
Agriculture puts
significant pressur
eon freshwater and
forest resources,
especially in the
tropics.
Agriculture can also
positively impact the
environment, heping
reduce air pollution
and providing a
resource-rich habitat
to certain wild
species.

67. Mining
Many useful rocks and mineral are removed from
the ground by mining
For example, copper is removed from the surface by
digging a strip mine.
Coal and other in-ground resources also can be
removed by digging underground mines
Mines are essential for obtaining much-needed
resources.
However, mines disturb habitats and change the
landscape.
Runoff that contains heavy metals can also pollute
water sources if not regulated.

71. Underground Mining

72. Hazardous Waste
Some trash cannot be placed in landfills because
it contains harmful substances that can affect soil,
air, and water quality.
This trash is called hazardous waste.
The substances in hazardous waste can also affect
the health of humans and other living things
Both industries and households produce
hazardous waste
Medical hazardous waste includes used needles and
bandages
Household hazardous water includes used motor oil
and batteries

74. IMPACTS ON THE
LAND

75. Using Land Resources
Obtaining resources from nature for books,
pens, everything requires people to use land
for timber production, agriculture, and mining.
All of these activities impact that environment

76. Forest Resources
Trees are cut for fuel and to clear land for
agriculture, grazing, or building houses or
highways
Sometimes large portions of forests are
cleared
Deforestationis the removal of large areas of
forests for human purposes.
Approximately 130,000km2 of tropical rainforests
are cut down each year.
Tropical rain forests are home to an estimated
50% of all the species on Earth.
Deforestation destroys habitats, which can lead
to species’ extinction.

79. Deforestation in the Philippines

80. Forest Resources
Deforestation can also affect soil quality.
Plant roots hold soil in place.
Without these natural anchors, soil erodes away.
Deforestation can also affect air quality
Trees remove carbon dioxide from the air when
they undergo photosynthesis.
With fewer trees more CO2 remains in the air.