CHAPTER-8 nursing education technology.pptx

nursing technology

1. ED U C A TION A L MEDIA Definitions Media is any digital, electronic or printed means of communication. — Macmillan Dictionary Educational media refers to channels of communication that carry messages with an instructional purpose. They are usually utilized for the sole purpose of learning and teaching. —Web Crawler, 2013

2. Purposes of media Media are a familiar medium to students that helps gain attention and maintain. Students’ interest in the theories and concepts under discussion. Students can see the theories and concepts in action.

3. Components of media The following 4 M’s are the major components of media: Methods : It is concerned with the devices such as programmed learning team teaching, micro teaching, and personalized systems of instruction in teaching-learning, situations. Materials: Instructional materials such as programmed textbooks, the material of this type may be handwritten or printed. Media : The media used here are audio, visual, or audiovisual (AV). A few examples are radio, tape recorders, charts, films, educational television, etc. Man power : Manpower controls educational technology in every way. Educational technology without a man is zero

4. Principles of media All media are constructions. The media construct reality. Audiences negotiate meaning in media. Media have commercial implications. Media contain ideological and value messages.

5. Steps of media

6. Significant role of media in education Media can help young people put current images and messages about how the media work and enhance the teaching–learning process. Media is the most powerful tool of communication. It helps promoting the right things on right time. It gives a real exposure to the mass audience about what is right or wrong. Media create interest in students learning and turn their attention to educational topics. Media provide necessary basis for gradual and supplementary learning and make it perpetual. Media give real and actual experience to students and motivate them for more activities. Media provide students with some experience that cannot be acquired from other ways, so they increase their mental development, deep understanding, and learning.

7. TYPES OF MEDIA Media can be categorized into three groups: Traditional Materials It can be regarded as classic or old usually include board, course-book, worksheet, chart, realia, flashcard, teacher made materials, etc. Audio-visual Materials These are regar d ed a s new f o r m a ny tea c her s , v i deo p l aye r , au d io materials, video camera, computer, projection device, and so on. Information Communication Technologies (ICT) Based Materials These are Interactive White Boards (IWB), materials providing mobile- assisted language learning (MALL) such as Web 2.0, tablet computers, the internet, podcasts, smartphone, Web 3.0, etc.

8. STILL VISUALS Still visuals are visually concrete than verbal. They are projected and n o n p r o ject e d A V ai d s. NO N PR O JECT E D A V AIDS The nonprojected AV aids are further classified as: Graphic aids: Graphic aids include drawing and diagrams, charts, graphs, posters, cartoons, flipcharts, flashcards, flannel, and pictures, photographs, etc. Display boards: Display boards include black board, white board, bulletin board, roller board, magnetic board, etc.

9. Print material: The print material includes pamphlets, booklets, leaflets, handouts, etc. Audio aids: The audio aids include radio, recordings, television, etc. Three-dimensional aids: The three-dimensional aids include objects, specimen, models, exhibits mockups, puppets, etc. Activity aids: Activity aids include dramatics, demonstrations, field trips, computer a assisted instructions, programmed instructions, teaching machines, etc.

10. PR O JECT E D A V AIDS The projected AV aids require projection and consists of following: Hardware, i.e., some machines, e.g., overhead projectors, opeidoscope, film projector, slide projector, power projector, etc. Software, i.e., the material which is projected by projecting machines, e.g., transparencies, film strips, slides, video film, audio-visual films, print material floppy, CD, DVD, etc.

11. DR A WING AND DIAGR A M Diagrams are graphic organizers used to organize information and present ideas visually. They can be used by instructors while teaching or by students while taking notes or completing assignments. Diagrams are versatile learning strategies that can be incorporated into lessons across disciplines and grade levels, and they often help students who are visual learners. Students can use diagrams to structure writing projects, make decisions, solve problems, study, brainstorm or plan a project.

12. Types of Diagrams Venn Diagram Web Diagrams Flowcharts Drawings

13. CHARTS The chart is a visual aid that depicts pictorial and written key information in a systematic way to summarize, compare, contrast etc. e.g., anatomical charts and figures, diagrams, etc, A chart is a simple flat pictorial display material and, if used appropriately, conveys the displayed information in a highly effective manner

14. Features of a Good Chart It should be sufficiently large to be seen easily. It should be clear, simple, and not overcrowded with facts. It should be attractive and should tell about the theme in detail. It should be in symbols and words and have a few comparisons. It should highlight the main points. It should be strong enough to stand rough use. Purposes To visualize an item, it is otherwise difficult to explain only in words. To highlight important points. To provide outline of materials covered in presentation.

15. Types of Charts

16. Organizational Chart These are used to represent functional relation among the different components in our organization whether manmade or natural. Food chain, administrative hierarchy in institution, etc. can be shown on organizational chart.

17. Time Chart These are used to represent events, occurrences in chronological sequences. Evolution of man, political empires, etc can be shown using time chart, which helps learners to compare and contrast events in relation to time. Tabular Chart It shows data in tabular form for easy comparison and understanding. For example, types of crops, plants, etc. are represented in tabular form, which makes comprehension easier (Fig. 9). Tree Chart It shows growth and development from single source to many branches like in a tree. In a time chart, it is generally a single line representation whereas in a tree chart many branches are there like a tree.

18. Stream Chart It is opposite to tree chart wherein may branches come together to converge into a single stream. For example, many rivers like Yamuna fall in Ganga, which then flows down to fall in the sea.

19. GRAPHS Graphs are excellent means of presenting quantitative data in a form that enables pupils to understand fundamental or specific relationships. There are several kinds of graphs used in teaching social sciences. The basic skills involved in the effective interpretation of graphs include the ability to understand the significance of the title, to understand the basic units of measure used in the construction of the graph, to interpret the relationships shown, to draw inferences and important generalizations based on the data, and to relate information derived from graphs to that gained from reading and other sources of information.

20. Types of Graphs Line graph: It illustrate how related data changes over a specific period of time. One axis might display a value, while the other axis shows the timeline. Bar graph: It offer a simple way to compare numeric values of any kind, including inventories, group sizes and financial predictions. Bar graphs can be either horizontal or vertical. One axis represents the categories, while the other represents the value of each category. Pictograph: A pictograph uses pictures or symbols to display data instead of bars. Each picture represents a certain number of items. Pictographs can be useful when you want to display data in a highly visual presentation such as an infographic.

21. Histogram: A histogram is another type of bar graph that illustrates the distribution of numeric data across categories. People often use histograms to illustrate statistics. For example, a histogram might display how many people belong to a certain age range within a population. Area graph: Area graphs show a change in one or more quantities over a certain period of time. They often help when displaying trends and patterns. Similar to a line graph, area graphs use dots connected by a line. Scatter plot: Scatter plots use dots to depict the relationship between two different variables. For example scatter plot graph can be used to show the relationship between a person’s height and weight. The process involves plotting one variable along the horizontal axis and the other variable along the vertical axis.

22. POSTERS Posters are a vital teacher’s tool used to enable visualization in the classroom to further student learning. Cognitive science has proven that visual display of information supports students, in fact dual coding theory suggests that both visual and verbal information are processed differently and is a key component of cognition. Posters are a great way to make learning fun, so let’s study some of the advantages of using posters as a visual aid as part of learning.

23. Features of a Good Poster Brevity: Message should be concise and clear Simplicity: Easily understandable Idea: Based on single idea Layout: Organization after try out (blue print) Col o ur: S u i ta b le co l or c o m b i n a ti o n should b e u s ed to m ake p o ster attractive and eye catching. App r o p ri a tenes s : The to p ic and i m a g e sh o uld corresp o nd to the subject matter Attractiveness: It must capture the attention Size: The poster should be easily identified from a distance

24. Advantages It conveys the message quickly. Poster leads to action with motivation. It can standalone and is self- explanatory. It’s an effective way for students to draw and maintain their attention on topics and to maintain their interest. Posters are used to motivate students to learn specific topics. Posters help learners to focus on a certain idea, event, fact or process. P o sters a r e a con v e n i ent way f o r b o t h st u d e n t s and tea c hers to help students understand the topics a lot faster.

25. Disadvantages It does not always give enough information. When it is seen too often, it no longer attracts attention needs frequent change. It can be damaged easily by rains, storm etc. Can be used for limited period and information.

26. CARTOONS Teaching is a very strenuous profession. It takes a lot of effort to transfer the whole lot of information from your own mind into someone else’s mind. For this reason, teaching necessitates a lot of new strategies, technologies, and ideas which can make this task easier. Cartoons have been abundantly used as a teaching aid for a very long time. They have made learning an easier and a better experience for the students. Cartoons have made humdrum subjects fascinating for the students. Cartoons bring in life into the dull pages of the books and the hidden secrets of the subject.

27. Definitions Cartoons is a drawings that exaggerate some physical feature, action, or quality of a person or thing. Cartoon is an excellent form of expression, which can deliver positive messages and can create awareness among learners as the characters speak to you and narrates the whole story through their gestures. Ian Diamond

28. Principles It should be suitable to the age, class and experience, level of students. The w r iting and g r a p h ics used in the c a rt o on s hould be m e a ni n gful and intelligible to them. C a rt o on sho u l d b e adequate size, so t h at t h e d etai l s ca n b e made visible to the entire class. The symbols used in the cartoon should be clear understandable. Cartoon need to be both amusing and instructive. Students must be actively involved in the process of preparing cartoon.

29. Types of Cartoons A novel way of using pictures. Symbols. Bold exaggeration for presenting a message. A point of view concerning a personality, news and situations.

30. Articles Chart. Pen or pencil. Rubber. Sketch. Scale. Preparation of Cartoon It is an imagination and creativity. Cartoon is more attention drawing and in a small space, gives a lot of imagination, particularly on the current happenings. Interpreting or high lighting some social, political, economic, literary and scientific data.

31. Importance of Cartoons in Education Cartoons catch attention. Cartoons lead to a better understanding. Cartoons can develop public speaking. Cartoons are an effective way to teach moral education. Cartoons are a great tool for pre-schooling. Cartoons can make children artists. Cartoons will enhance thinking skills. Cartoons can improve vocabulary. Cartoons can improve the student-teacher relationship.

32. BLACKBOARD Definition A blackboard is defined as a flat surface feature, it can be a board made of wood, fiber or sometime made plastered on the wall of the class. The board is painted black to reflect the white chalks used to write on it. 1.Teaching Effectiveness 2.Classroom Management 3.Pace of Learning Control 4.Natural Slide Experience Cate r ing to Di f ferent Lear n ing Abil i t i es Flexibility Enhancement of Comprehension Skills Immediate Feedback 9.Mul t ipu r pose T each i ng Aid

33. BULLETIN BOARD Definitions A bulletin board is a board that is usually attached to a wall in order to display notices giving. Information about something. —Collins dictionary A board on the wall of a classroom, office, etc., where things (such as written notices or pictures) are put so that they can be seen by many people. —Britannica dictionary

34. Purposes Motivates the learner. Broadens t h e sens ory e xperie n ce a nd prov i des experie n ce outs i d e t h e stud e n ts’ environment. Gives the correct initial information. Supplement and correlates the instructions and saves time. Importance of Bulletin Board Important information can be posted for a wide audience. Bulletin boards help in organizing information in a visually accessible manner. Facilitate communication among groups of people. Raise awareness about important topics, events, or causes. Bulletin boards often contain valuable reference materials and resources. In educational settings, teachers can post study guides, helpful websites, and subject- related materials.

35. Uses of Bulletin Board The theme or message conveyed should be clear, simple, interesting, and balanced. Arrange t he in f o r m a ti o n i n a neat o r derly w a y us i ng ap p r o p r ia t e material. Do not crowd the Bulletin Board. Give a suitable title, large enough to be seen from a distance. Use neutral colors for the background. Layout should be attractive, simple, and easy to understand. The information conveyed should remain for a limited period.

36. FLANNEL BOARD/KHADI GRAP/WELT BOARD These are rough felt boards covered with skin tight flanne wool or khadi on to which cutouts, writings, symbols, figures made out of light card board pasted with flannel khadi at the back are displayed. Advantages Flexible, dynamic, portable, convenient, and reusable. Loc a lly prod u ced, i n - e xpens i v e, a nd attra c t at t ention ea si ly when properly displayed. Promote step by step logical orderly presentation and can be referred again for classifying.

37. FLIP CHA R T Flip charts are useful in teaching situations where you need to teach a number of people at a time, they are used. When books are unavailable, scarce or too expensive for individuals to have their own copy. When other media such as overheads and slides are not available, and where group learning most culturally appropriate. Flip charts are a series of charts containing visual information about the same area of knowledge. Purposes To show continuity process To increase motivation in the student To summarize information To express the idea in a sequential manner To show development of structures Principles Be simple with relevant drawings Have a message Be attractive but not messy Have letters large enough to be easily from a distance.

38. FLASH CARDS Flash cards are a set of pictures with suitable captions or a write up prepared on any theme. Each one will represent a particular idea and the cards are arranged in particular sequence so as to send out the message to the audience. Purposes of Flash Cards Flash card is used to attract a group’s attention. It is used to convey an idea effectively in sequential manner. Flash card is used to teach basic concepts of health care especially with group of mothers children and person who cannot read. It is used as a supplementary aid in education. It is used to start discussions that help people to look critically at the physical and social factors that affect their health.

39. Types of Flash Cards Based on the type of materials used, flash cards can be classified as follows: Plain flash cards Laminated flash cards Synthetic flash cards Flash cards prepared from old tins/metal cans. Flash cards made of heavy cloth.

40. Advantages of Flash Cards Inexpensive, easily transportable. Can be hand made from the local materials. It holds the attention of the audience. Overcomes the language barriers. Illiterates can understand and learn. Flexible to meet the requirement of the speaker. Effective way to resent an important message in areas where people gather.

41. STILL PICTURES/PHOTOGRAPHS Using still pictures and photographs as teaching media can be highly effective in various educational settings. Visual aids, including static images, enhance the learning experience by making content more engaging, memorable, and comprehensible.

42. PRINTED MATERIALS It consists of all written material, excluding non-print resources, which convey planned course information. Examples of printed resources include, but are not limited to textbooks, workbooks, reference books, magazines, newspaper, and journals. There are three mechanisms on how to select print materials: Appropriateness of the print material to the planned course. Readability of text and appropriateness of the vocabulary and content of the print material to the age/maturity level of the students for whom the material is intended. The material shall be screened for accuracy of the content and shall be free of bias (sex, race, religion, ethnic).

43. Advantages of Print Materials Extremely portable: Print materials can be used in any location. High comfort level: Most students are very comfortable using print materials to learn. Cost effective: Print materials can be created and duplicated with little expense. Readily available: Many distance learning courses can take advantage of existing textbooks, thus saving the time and expense of creating custom materials.

44. HANDOUT As the name suggests, a handout is any type of document that a speaker handsout to participants during a lecture, presentation, conference or meeting. It allows your audience to get a clear overview of the main points, or to sum up what they have heard afterwards. A handout isn’t just a summary of slide titles; it can be much more detailed, summing up each individual topic and serving as a reference for core concepts and central insights.

45. LEAFLETS The leaflet, also called a folded flier or brochure, is a product printed on a single sheet that’s folded once or more. A well-designed leaflet can contain a great deal of information. This information can supplement messages featured on posters and banners or through television and radio. Leaflets can be distributed by hand or by post. In general, whether a leaflet, a slightly bulkier brochure, or a simple one-page flier, the key element in the design is the creative use of headlines, text design, and paper.

46. PR O JECT E D MEDIA T OO L S FILM STRIP It is a series of still photographs, diagrams, charts. Lettering or drawing on a strip of 35 mm. Perforated edges of the film fit over projector sprockets, when adjusted to project the film frame or picture on the screen, each succeeding image done will be in focus and in proper position on the screen.

47. MICROSCOPE A microscope lets the user see the tiniest parts of our world: microbes, small structures within larger objects and even the molecules that are the building blocks of all matter. The ability to see otherwise invisible things enriches our lives on many levels. Doctors can diagnose and treat diseases better, scientists are able to reveal links that help put criminals behind bars and make our world safer by examining the strength of bridges and other structures. Students also use microscopes to gain knowledge of the world around them.

48. POWERPOINT SLIDES Sometimes abbreviated as PP or PPT, PowerPoint is a presentation program developed by Microsoft that creates a slideshow of important information, charts, and images for a presentation. It is most often used for business and school presentations. Benefits of PowerPoint PowerPoint provides multiple benefits to users, including: It is widely used and considered the “standard” for presentation software. If you create a PowerPoint presentation, it’s more likely it will be easier for others to open and view. It includes many optional presentation features, including slide transitions, animations, layouts, templates, etc.

49. OVERHEAD PROJECTOR An overhead projector (often abbreviated to OHP), like a film or slide projector, uses light to project an enlarged image on a screen, allowing the view of a small document or picture to be shared with a large audience. In the overhead projector, the source of the image is a page- sized sheet of transparent plastic film (also known as ‘foils’ or ‘transparencies’) with the image to be projected either printed or hand- written/drawn. These are placed on the glass platen of the projector, which has a light source below it and a projecting mirror and lens assembly above it (hence, ‘overhead’). They were widely used in education and business before the advent of video projectors.

50. MOVING VISUALS Moving visuals play a crucial role in enhancing nursing education by providing dynamic and engaging content for students. These visuals can effectively supplement traditional teaching methods and offer a range of benefits for both educators and learners. Video learning resources-videotapes Video tape is magnetic tape used for storing video and usually sound in addition. Information stored can be in the form of either an analog or digital signal. Video tape is used in both video tape recorders (VTRs) and, more commonly, videocassette recorders (VCRs) and camcorders. Video tapes have also been used for storing scientific or medical data, such as the data produced by an electrocardiogram.

51. BLU-RAY The Blu-ray Disc (BD), often known simply as Blu-ray, is a digital optical disc storage format. It is designed to supersede the DVD format, and capable of storing several hours of high-definition video (HDTV 720p and 1080p). The main application of Blu-ray is as a medium for video material such as feature films and for the physical distribution of video games for the Play Station 3, Play Station 4, Play Station 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X. The name ‘Blu- ray’ refers to the blue laser (which is actually a violet laser) used to read the disc, which allows information to be stored at a greater density than is possible with the longer-wavelength red laser used for DVDs.

52. USB FLASH DRIVE A USB flash drive (also called a thumb drive) is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an integrated USB interface. It is typically removable, rewritable and much smaller than an optical disc. Most weigh less than 30 g (1 oz). Since first appearing on the market in late 2000, as with virtually all other computer memory devices, storage capacities have risen while prices have dropped. As of March 2016, flash drives with anywhere from 8 to 256 gigabytes (GB) were frequently sold, while 512 GB and 1 terabyte (TB) units were less frequent.

53. MOTION PICTURE/FILMS A series of pictures projected on a screen in rapid succession with objects shown in successive positions slightly changed so as to produce the optical effect of a continuous picture in which the objects move. Uses of Motion Pictures Compel attention. Make experience firsth. Edited version of reality. Make distant past and present real in the classroom Can control time-factor. Offers common denominator of experience. Can influence and even change attitudes. Bring variety into the classroom.

54. RE A LIA AND MOD E LS Realia are real-life objects that enable children to make connections to their own lives as they try to make sense of new concepts and ideas. This strategy brings the Perspectives central text to life for students by using everyday objects during the read aloud. Unmodified Real Things These are things as they are, without any alteration, excepting that they have been removed from their natural or original real-life environment. The unmodified real things have every segment intact. In addition, they may operate, work or be alive and are of normal size. They can be recognized by the learners for what they are. Cars in a garage, a live dog, chick or goat, a national flag or insect like grasshoppers are examples of unmodified real things.

55. Modified Real Things These are things that are no more in their exact natural state. The human skeleton usually seen in laboratories, some often painted to emphasize some parts as example of modified real things. A human skill with its parts separated and rearrange to clarify its structure is a typical modified real thing used in schools. Models and mock- ups are modified real things. Real things are used for instructional purposes because of their great potential to arouse and stimulate learner interest and thus enhance learning.

56. Advantages of Real Things Improve Classroom Success Student Distractions Expenses Time Space Convenience

57. MODELS The term ‘model’ carries different meaning in our day to day life. We look at the model of Taj Mahal and find it an exact replica of the original this is why model prove a quite effective aid as a substitute for reality in the classroom situations. Definitions Teaching models are just instructional designs. They describe the process of specifying and producing. Particular environmental situation which cause the student to interact in such a way that specific changes occur in his behavior. —Joyce and Weil, 1972 Models are prescriptive teaching strategies designed to accomplish particular instructional goals. —Paul D Eggen, et al., 1979

58. Values of Model Enable class participation, individually or in groups. Complement work sheets and other teaching aids. Give the learner visual, tactile and aural stimuli. Which will increase the learning experience. Preparation of a Model Articles Clay Painting material Brush for painting Adhesive material (fevicol) Thermocol

59. Advantages Makes learning meaningful and direct. Illustrates application, principles and laws. Explains complete and intricate operation in simple way. Makes comprehension easier. Lasting and usually inexpensive. Models are easy to make, since it is waste paper, cardboard, etc. Models are reasonable in size and convenient to handle. Involves all the five sense and makes learning effective.

60. Limitations of Models Some models are difficult to make. Models need expertise to make. Some of the models are very expensive. Sometimes it may give wrong impression. Needs a lot of time to make. Models should be handled carefully. Not always possible to use model for teaching, e.g., teaching. Difficult to build up a collection of materials to make a model.

61. AUDIO AIDS/AUDIO MEDIA Audio media can make several unique contributions to the teaching- learning process: self-study for nonreaders, realistic foreign language practice, stories to stimulate the imagination, and music for physical activity, to name a few. Cassettes, records, and CDs are abundantly available in every curricular area and are easy to use. To use audio media effectively requires an understanding of the hearing-listening processes and thoughtful selection of materials based on objectives.

62. Audio media

63. RADIO AND TAPE RECORDER Radio and tape recorders have been used as teaching media in educational settings for many years, and while they may not be as prevalent as they once were due to the rise of digital technology, they can still be effective tools for certain teaching and learning purposes. PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM Introduction A Public Address System (PA system) is a sophisticated audio communication technology. These systems play a pivotal role in facilitating effective communication in various public and private settings, offering the means to broadcast messages clearly and efficiently to those present. Definition A public address system (PA system) is a sound amplification system that is used to broadcast audio messages, announcements, music, or other audio content to a large and often dispersed audience.

64. Types Wired PA systems: Wired PA systems, also known as hardwired PA systems, use physical cables to connect microphones, mixers, amplifiers, and speakers. Wireless PA systems: Wireless PA systems operate without physical cables, using radio frequency (RF) or infrared (IR) technology to transmit audio signals between components. Portable PA systems: Portable PA systems are compact, self- contained units that are easy to transport and set up. Emergency voice alarm systems: These are specialized PA systems designed for emergency situations. They are used to broadcast critical information and evacuation instructions during emergencies like fires, natural disasters, or security threats.

65. Applications of Public Address System Public spaces, Educational institutions, Entertainment venues, Worship places, Emergency alerts,conference and convention, businesses etc. Important Considerations Choose the appropriate microphone type for the application, considering factors like environment, speech or music quality, and mobility. Ensure clear and high-quality sound reproduction through well- designed speakers and acoustics. In some settings, PA systems are integrated with emergency voice alarm systems for safety purposes.

66. Advantages E f fective com m u n icatio n , Enh a nced safet y , V ersatil i t y , T ime savi n g, Remote operation, Accessibility, etc. Disadvantages Noi s e p o l l u t i o n, T e c h n ical issues, De p endence o n p o we r , Co s t, Training requirement, Complexity, etc.

67. DIGI T AL AUDIO Digi t al a u dio ca n b e a p o w e r f u l te a ch i ng aid i n vari o us e d u c a tional settings, from classrooms to online courses. Benefits Engagement Accessibility Multimodal Learning Flexibility Reinforcement Language Learning

68. COMPUTER Computer plays a significant role in each and every field of life. They help us in several ways. For example, they find applications in medicine, industrial process, aviation industry, making bills in various big shops and malls, creating slides in application software for making notes and delivering lectures in colleges, universities and a lot more. In short, not only in just one, but also the Computer plays an all-rounded role in the field of education of students.

69. WEB-BASED VIDEOCONFERENCING Web-based videoconferencing can serve as a powerful teaching media, enabling educators to deliver engaging and interactive remote instruction. Whether in traditional education settings or for online courses, web-based videoconferencing offers several advantages for teaching: Real-time interaction: Videoconferencing allows for live, real-time interaction between educators and students. This can foster a sense of presence and immediacy, similar to in-person teaching. Global reach: With web-based videoconferencing, educators can reach students from all over the world, increasing the diversity of perspectives and experiences in the virtual classroom. Flexibility: Web-based videoconferencing offers flexibility in terms of scheduling and location. Students can attend classes from the comfort of their homes or other convenient locations. Engagement: Videoconferencing can be highly engaging when used effectively. Educators can use features like screen sharing, polls, chat, and breakout rooms to create interactive learning experiences.

70. Office hours: Virtual office hours via videoconferencing allow students to ask questions, seek clarification, and receive one-on-one support from educators. Resource sharing: Educators can share documents, presentations, and multimedia resources in real time during the videoconference. Accessibility: Many videoconferencing platforms offer accessibility features like closed captioning, screen reader compatibility, and language translation, making it inclusive for all students.

71. E-LEARNING Definition E-Learning or “electronic learning,” refers to the use of electronic technologies, primarily the internet and digital devices, to deliver educational content and facilitate learning. It encompasses a wide range of instructional methods, content formats, and technologies aimed at enhancing the learning experience.

72. Modes Online courses Virtual classrooms Mobile learning Webinars and online seminars Electronic Health Records Training Telemedicine Training Nursing podcasts and video lectures

73. Advantages Accessibility Learners can access course materials from anywhere with an internet connection, removing geographical barriers. Flexibility Stude n ts ca n l earn a t t he i r o w n pace, a cco m m odating work, f a m i l y , and o th e r commitments. Cost effective It of t en reduces co s ts asso ci a ted with tra d i t i o nal educa t i o n, such as com m ut i ng, housing, and printed materials. It can also lower institutional costs. Consistency E-learning ensures consistency in content delivery, making it ideal for standardized training and education.

74. Disadvantages of E- Learning Lack of face to face interaction Limited social interaction Technical issues Limited hands- on experience High dropout rates Privacy and security concern

75. SMART CLASSROOM The smart classes is a modernized method of education in Indian education scenario which provides quality education to students by helping them in better concept formation, concept elaboration, improvement in reading skills and academic achievement. Technology benefited us in every aspect of our life right from communication to education. New methods of teaching have been introduced which is known as smart class.

76. Characteristics of a Smart Classrooms Adaptive learning Collaborative learning Computing devices Mutual respect Performance-based assessments Students understand and follow the rules and procedures:

77. Objectives of Smart Classroom The following are some objectives for a Smart Class Room application: To help teachers to meet new challenges and developing students’ abilities and performance. To enables teachers to access multimedia content and information that can be used for teaching students more effectively. Pedagogically sound and visually rich curriculum resources. To enables teachers to express their views and ensures that every child is understanding the undertaken concept which ultimately affects his achievement. To make possible for the concepts to be understood clearly. To makes abstract concept real.

78. Components of Smart Class Room Smart Board (6 × 4) Smart LED TV High (Panasonic 42”, 2 USB, Viera connect) Short throw Projector (Panasonic PT-VX400) Video Conferencing Equipment Laptop with Internet connection (with public IP) Docum e nt Ca m e r a/ V is u ali z er ( 12 ti m e o p tic a l Zoom a n d 8 ti m e Digital Zoom) Podium (ITC 6236B, 60W amplifier inbuilt) V i d eo Con f erencing—High D efin i t i o n ( L ifes i ze E x p r ess 22 ) and Screen Architecture of Smart Classroom at Library

79. Advantages of Smart Class Room Access to online information Countless resources for making learning more fun and effective Can automate a lot of teaches tedious task Change the way of imparting knowledge Environmental friendly Enhanced teaching/learning experience Increased exposure and wider access to information

80. Disadvantages of Smart Classroom Technology in Education: A Disconnected Youth Can Foster More Cheating in Class and On Assignments Inevitable Cheating Inappropriate Data Lack of Face to Face Interaction Lesson Planning can become More Labor Intensive Possible Disconnection of Social Interaction Studen t s do not have Equal Access t o T echno l ogical Resourc es

81. TELECOMMUNICATION (DISTANCE EDUCATION) Telecommunication is the transmission of signs, signals, writings, words, sounds, messages, and images, by radio, wire, optical, or other electromagnetic systems. It occurs when there is an interaction of information between participants with the help of technology. The internet, which is a part of the telecommunication service, allows students to enjoy what is known as e-learning or distance learning. This process permits students to aim for higher education in their preferred courses.

82. SATELLITE BROADCASTING Satellite broadcasting is a medium of telecommunication that uses satellites in Earth’s orbit to transmit television, radio, internet, and other communication signals over vast distances. It has played a crucial role in delivering content and connectivity to a global audience.

83. VIDEOCONFERENCING TELEPHONES- TELEHEALTH/TELENURSING TELEHEALTH Telehealth, also known as telemedicine, is a rapidly growing field in healthcare that leverages telecommunication technologies to provide remote medical services, consultations, and healthcare-related information exchange. Telehealth encompasses a wide range of services and applications, and it plays a crucial role in expanding access to healthcare, particularly in situations where in-person visits are challenging or not possible

84. TELENURSING Telenursing or telehealth nursing uses technology to provide nursing services through computers and mobile devices. As mobile devices become more common and accessible, telehealth is becoming more prevalent as a healthcare option. Instead of healthcare being limited to in-person clinical settings, patients can access their physicians and primary care providers from any location. Telenursing allows patients to connect with their nurses through mobile devices, computers, mobile apps, video technology, and remote patient monitoring.

85. Key Aspects of Telenursing Remote patient monitoring: Telenursing allows RNs to monitor patients’ vital signs, symptoms, and health status from a distance. Patients may use various monitoring devices, such as wearable sensors, to collect and transmit data to their telenursing providers. Telephone consultations: Telenurses often provide healthcare advice and triage over the phone. Patients can call a telenursing hotline for assistance with their health concerns, from minor ailments to more serious conditions. Mental health support: Telenursing extends to mental health services, with telenurses providing counseling, crisis intervention, and support for patients dealing with mental health issues. Health education: Telenurses offer health education and information to patients, empowering them to make informed decisions about their health and well-being.

86. MOBILE TECHNOLOGY Mobile Technology In The Classroom Mobile technology in the classroom refers to the integration of smartphones, tablets, and other mobile devices into the educational environment. When used effectively, mobile technology can enhance teaching and learning experiences, engage students, and provide opportunities for personalized learning.

87. Advantages It is easier to use mobile device to improve their access to information. Students are confident that with their mobile devices, they will not be stranded and will be able to find anything they want to find, right at the time they need it. The mobile device helps students achieve it faster. Mobile will be faster communication with lecturers and colleagues Ease and comfort of having all course materials in a little device. Mobi l e d e vices t o c re a te a n o n line di s c ussion f o rum to encourage class participation on content topics, even outside the classroom.

88. Disadvantages Even many psychological issues such as loneliness, being suspicious all the time, feeling self-centered, etc. Spending most of the time on your phone creates neck problems and sleep deprivation. Exposure to unwanted things on the internet affects a child’s growth mentally and even physically.