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1. Chapter 16Chapter 16
Social and Personality Development in
Adolescence

2. Moral Development in GirlsMoral Development in Girls
Carol Gilligan’s theory of moral developmentCarol Gilligan’s theory of moral development
Carol Gilligan suggests that the way boys and girls
are raised in our own society leads to differences in
moral reasoning.
Kohlberg's theory is inadequate and places girls'
moral reasoning at a lower level than boys'.
Boys view morality primarily in terms of justice and
fairness.
Girls see morality in terms of responsibility and
compassion toward individuals and a willingness to
sacrifice for relationships.

3. Born:1937- New York
Current:
Professor of Gender Studies,
Harvard University
EducationPh.D., Harvard University
Achieve
ments:
Challenged Lawrence Kohlberg's
theories of moral development on the
basis of gender bias; Pioneer in the
research on moral development of
women; One of Time Magazine's 25 most
influential people of 1996.
Carol Gilligan

4.  Gilligan sees morality in girls developing in 3 stages.
•Orientation toward individual survival - where
females concentrate on what is practical and best
for them.
•Goodness as self-sacrifice - where females think
they must sacrifice their own wishes to what others
want.
•Morality of nonviolence - women come to see
hurting anyone as immoral, including themselves.
~The highest levels of morality are represented by
compassionate concern for the welfare of others

5. Criticisms of Gilligan’s theoryCriticisms of Gilligan’s theory
Theory is based on moral decisions in an
actual real life situation. Findings may not
apply in ALL situations.
Data was collected on women ONLY.
Gilligan also never published her data in
peer-reviewed journals.

6. IdentityIdentity
Self-concept: characterizing the self
(understanding who you are –warts & all)
Self-esteem: evaluating the self
Knowing who you are and liking who you
are = two different things

7. Identity FormationIdentity Formation
Erikson’s Identity vs. Identity Confusion – the period
during which teenagers seek to determine what is unique
and distinctive about themselves
Adolescents increasingly rely on their friends and peers
as sources of information about their identity.
Psychological moratorium – a period during which
adolescents take time off from the upcoming
responsibilities of adulthood and explore various roles
and possibilities

8. Identity DevelopmentIdentity Development
Marcia’s Approach: Updating EriksonMarcia’s Approach: Updating Erikson
Identity achievement – the status of adolescents who commit to a
particular identity following a period of crisis, during which they
consider various alternatives
Identity foreclosure – the status of adolescents who prematurely
commit to an identity without adequately exploring alternatives;
accepting other’s decisions about what’s best for them
Moratorium – the status of adolescents who may have explored
various identity alternatives to some degrees but have not yet
committed themselves
Identity diffusion – the status of adolescents who neither explore nor
commit to consider various identity alternatives; flighty, shifting from
one thing to the next

9. Depression and SuicideDepression and Suicide
20–35% of boys and 25–40% of girls experience
occasional episodes of depression during adolescence
3% experience major depression
One teenage suicide occurs every 90 minutes for an
annual rate of 12.2 suicides per 100,000 adolescents.
Cluster suicide – a situation in which one suicide leads to
attempts by others to kill themselves

10. Common Adolescent Stressors & DifficultiesCommon Adolescent Stressors & Difficulties

11. Relationships: Family and FriendsRelationships: Family and Friends
Autonomy – having independence and a sense of
control over one’s life
Generation gap – a deep divide between parents
and adolescents in attitudes, values, aspirations,
and worldviews
The number one deterrent from adolescent drug
use is having dinner with their families around
the table!

12. Parental Conflict in AdolescenceParental Conflict in Adolescence
Parents and teens may hold similar attitudes about
social and political issues, but often hold different
views on matters of personal taste (music
preferences, style of dress)
Teens from collectivist cultures tend to have fewer
conflicts with parents than teens from
individualist cultures do.

13. Relationships with PeersRelationships with Peers
Reference group – any group of people with whom one
compares oneself
Cliques – groups of 2 to 12 people whose members have
frequent social interactions with one another
Crowds – larger groups than cliques, composed of
individuals who share particular characteristics but who
may not interact with one another (“jocks”)
Sex cleavage – sex segregation in which boys interact
primarily with boys and girls primarily with girls

14. The Social World Of AdolescenceThe Social World Of Adolescence
Popularity is related to differences in: Popularity is related to differences in:
status, behavior and adjustmentstatus, behavior and adjustment

15. Popularity and RejectionPopularity and Rejection
Controversial adolescents – teenagers who are
liked by some peers and disliked by others
Rejected adolescents – teenagers who are
uniformly disliked and whose peers may react to
them in an obviously negative manner
Neglected adolescents – teenagers who are
neither liked nor disliked; forgotten students

16. Peer pressure – the influence of one’s peers to
conform to their behavior and attitudes
Undersocialized delinquents – adolescents who
are raised with little discipline or with harsh,
uncaring parental supervision
Socialized delinquents – adolescents who know
and subscribe to the norms of society and who are
fairly normal psychologically

17. Dating and Sexual BehaviorDating and Sexual Behavior
Dating -a way to establish intimacy with others; can also provide
entertainment and prestige
Masturbation -by age 15yrs, 80% of boys and 20% of girls report they
have engaged in solitary, sexual self-stimulation
Sexual intercourse -begins for about 50% of all adolescents in the 15–
18yrs age range. At least 80% of adolescents have sex before the age of
20yrs.
Heterosexuality – sexual attraction & behavior directed to the opposite
sex
Homosexuality – sexual attraction & behavior directed to members of
the same sex
Bisexuality –sexual attraction & behavior directed to members of both
sexes

18. Teenage PregnancyTeenage Pregnancy