Chemicals in medicine satish

1. Chemistry in Everyday Life XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 1 Fotolia #10096454 Fotolia #22145803 Fotolia #845108 Fotolia #845108 Fotolia #10096454 Fotolia #22145803 Cleansing stuffs like soaps and detergent come in our mind when we start thinking over cleanliness. Sickness and diseases remind us medicines. Even what we eat are made up of different biomolecules In short we can realize that we come across chemical compounds every moment of our life.

2. Drugs Chemical substances of lower molecular mass (about 100-500 u) Interact with macromolecular target and produce a biological response Are called medicine if biological response, produce by the interaction with macromolecular targets, turns out to be therapeutic and useful XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 2 Fotolia #6524708

3. Medicines Used in diagnosis, prevention and curing treatment of diseases Can prove to be poisonous, if it is consumed in higher doses than those recommended Or chemicals used for therapeutic effect is said to be chemotherapy XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 3 Fotolia #1591377

4. Criteria of Classification of Drugs Drugs can be classified on the basis of mainly following criteria Pharmacological effect Drug action Chemical structure Molecular targets XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 4

5. Pharmacological Effect Drugs which are classified on the basis of pharmacological effect is very useful for doctors. This is because these provide whole range of drugs available for the treatment of a particular type of problem. Example: Analgesics have pain killing effect Antiseptic is used to kill or arrest the growth of microorganism. XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 5

6. Drug Action Drugs can also be classified on the basis of the action these on a particular biochemical process. Example: Histamine which causes inflammation in the body, can inhibit the action of the compound. XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 6

7. Chemical Structure Drugs may have same kind of chemical structures Due to identical structures, they share similar pharmacological activity. Example: All Sulphonamides have common structural feature as given below XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 7 Sulphonamides Plz recreate this picture

8. Molecular Targets Target molecules with which drugs usually interact are actually biomolecules. These biomolecules could be carbohydrate, protein, lipids and nucleic acids. Drugs having some common structural features may have the same mechanism of action on targets. XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 8

9. Molecular Target : Biomolecules XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 9 Proteins Enzymes Receptors Career Plz recreate these images

10. Function of Protiens Proteins can perform as biological catalysts in body to speed up the metabolic processes. These biological catalysts called enzyme Proteins called receptors are crucial to communication system in the body. Carrier proteins transmit polar molecules across the cell membrane of the organisms. Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA have coded genetic information for the living cell. XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 10

11. Drug-Target Interaction Majority of drugs act on receptors present in or on the cell. Receptors, usually a protein, is a macromolecular component of a cell with which a drug interacts to produce a response. Enzymes are treated as target. Drug-target interaction can be understood by taking example of enzymes and receptors. XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 11

12. Catalytic Action of Enzymes There are two major functions usually performed by enzymes in their catalytic activity. Holding of substrate to facilitates chemical reactions Providing functional groups to accomplish reaction XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 12 Plz draw this picture Use green colour in place of gray. Red instead of green.

13. Catalytic Action of Enzymes Enzyme holds substrate through active site in a fixed position, so that it can be attacked by the reagent with a greater ease. In the second step, enzyme provides functional groups that will attack the substrate and carry out chemical reaction to yield a product. XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 13

14. Drug-Enzyeme Interaction Drugs can inhibit the activities of enzymes, is called enzyme inhibitors. It can block the active site of enzymes or can inhibit the catalytic activity of enzyme. Inhibition of enzyme take place in two different ways By preferential attachment of drugs on the active site. By binding of drugs with allosteric site of enzymes .

15. Drug-Enzyeme Interaction By preferential attachment of drugs on the active site: Drugs may compete with the natural substrate for their binding to the active site of enzyme. Such drugs are called competitive inhibitors. XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 15 Plz draw this picture Use green colour for enzyme, red colour for drug and orange colour for substrate.

16. Drug-Enzyeme Interaction By binding of drugs with allosteric site of enzymes: Some drugs tend to bind with allosteric site other than enzyme’s active site. Such type of binding changes the shape of the active site in such a way that it becomes unrecognizable for the substrate XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 16 Plz draw this picture Use green colour for enzyme, red colour for inhibitor.

17. Receptors as Targets Receptors are proteins that play a major role in body’s communication process. Receptor proteins, are embedded in the cell, have active site. These active sites project out of the surface of the cell membrane XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 17 Plz draw this picture.

18. Receptor as Targets Animation XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 18

19. Drugs and Receptors Drugs are called antagonists , if they are attached to the receptor site to inhibit its natural functioning. Antagonists are useful when blocking of message (propagated by the chemical messenger) is required Drugs that mimic the natural messenger by switching on the receptor are called agonists. Agonists are useful when there is lack of natural chemical messenger. XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 19

20. Antacids The chemical substances which neutralize the excess acid present in stomach as gastric juices and give relief from this problems Example: Metal hydroxides such as Mg(OH) 2 and Al(OH) 3 NaHCO 3 Antacids only control the symptoms not the root cause of secretion of excessive acids in stomach. XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 20 Plz draw this picture And labeled it with Antacids .

21. Antihistamines Histamine is responsible for the nasal congestion associated with common cold and allergic response to pollen. Antihistamines destroys histamine produced in the body by allergens, used to treat skin rashes, conjunctivitis. Antihistamines prevent allergic reactions like hazy fever, mild asthma, nasal discharge, etc. Example: Brompheniramine XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 21 Fotolia #22734979 Brompheniramine Plz draw the given strcture

22. Tranquilizers Drugs which act on the central nervous system and help in reducing anxiety. Used for the treatment of mental diseases and help to reduce anxiety, restlessness and excitement. Are also known as psychotherapeutic drugs . Examples: Luminal, seconal , equanil , etc. These are mainly the derivatives of barbituric acid. XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 22 Fotolia #5980388

23. Some Important Tranquilizers XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 23 Equanil Veronal Valium Serotonin Plz draw the given strctures

24. Analgesics Used to reduce or abolish pain without causing impairment of consciousness, mental confusion, some other disturbances of nervous system. Are of two types Non-Narcotic Narcotic XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 24 Plz draw this picture

25. Non-Narcotic Analgesics Aspirin and paracetamol belong to the class of non-narcotic or non-addictive analgesics. Aspirin an important analgesic inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins which is responsible for stimulation of inflammation in the tissue. Non-narcotic drugs have also antipyretic and preventing platelet coagulation effect. XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 25 Fotolia #10209424 Aspirin

26. Narcotic Analgesics Mainly used for the relief of postoperative pain, cardiac pain, pains of terminal cancer and in child birth On administrating of morphine (an analgesics) and many of its homologues in medicinal doses, they relieve pain and produce sleep. In poisonous doses, these produce stupor, coma, convulsions and ultimately death. XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 26 Fotolia #19697787

27. Some Narcotic Analgesics Morphine narcotics are sometimes referred to as opiates as they are synthesized from the opium poppy. XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 27 Morphine Heroin Codeine Plz draw the given strctures

28. Antimicrobials Microorganism such as bacteria, virus and other pathogens are responsible for repercussions of diseases in human beings and animals. An antimicrobial helps us to destroy or prevent development or inhibit the pathogenic action of microbes or other parasites. Example: Antibiotics, antiseptics and disinfectants. XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 28 Fotolia #23905241

29. Antibiotics Antibiotics being less toxic for humans and animals, are used as drugs to treat infections. Initially antibiotics were defined as chemical substances produced by microorganisms that inhibit the growth or even destroy microorganisms. Now antibiotics refers to a substance produced wholly or to a certain extent by chemical synthesis which inhibit the growth or destroys the microorganism. XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 29

30. Development of Antibiotics Paul Ehrlich, a German bacteriologist, investigated a medicine arsphenamine (arsenic based structure) known as salvarsan for the treatment of syphilis Although salvarsan is toxic to human beings. XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 30 S alvarsan Plz draw the given strctures

31. Development of Antibiotics While working on azodyes , Ehrlich noted that there is similarity in structures of salvarsan and azodyes . He also noted that tissue is getting coloured by azo dyes selectively. Ehrlich started looking for the compounds which resemble in structure to azodyes and selectively bind to bacteria. XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 31 S alvarsan Azodyes Plz draw the given strctures

32. Development of Antibiotics In 1932, Paul Ehrlich synthesised the first effective antibacterial agent, prontosil. In the body, prontosil is converted to a compound called sulphanilamide , which is the real active compound. This triggers the synthesis of a large range of sulphonamide analogues. XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 32 Prontosil Sulphanilamide Sulphapyridine Plz draw the given strctures

33. Peniciline : Fir st Ever Antibiotics Discovery of penicillin brought a revolution in the field of antibacterial therapy. In 1929, Alexander Fleming identified antibacterial properties of a Penicillium fungus. Isolation and purification of active compound from Penicillium fungus to accumulate sufficient material for clinical trials took thirteen years. XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 33 Fotolia #5424480 Plz draw the given strctures

34. Tyepes of Antibiotics XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 34

35. Spectrum of Action The complete range microorganisms that are affected by a certain antibiotic is expressed as its spectrum of action. Broad spectrum antibiotics can kill or inhibit a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Ampicillin and Amoxycillin have broad spectrum. Narrow spectrum antibiotics are effective mainly against either Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. Peniclline G has narrow spectrum. Limited spectrum antibiotics are effective against a single microorganism or disease. XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 35

36. Antiseptics Chemicals which prevent the growth or kill the microorganisms but do not harm the living tissues Can be applied to the wounds, cuts and infected skin surfaces, etc. Also used in deodorants, face powders and mouth washes and mouth freshners to reduce odours caused by bacterial decomposition on the body or in the mouth XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 36 Plz draw this picture And labeled it with Antiseptic . Plz draw this picture And labeled it with Deodorant .

37. Antiseptics Bithional is added to soaps for antiseptic properties. Dettol is a mixture of chloroxylenol and terpeneol in a suitable solvent. XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 37 Bithional Chloroxylenol Terpeneol Plz draw the given strctures

38. Disinfectants Used to kill microorganisms and are harmful to the living tissues Used for sterilization of instruments, floors, toilets, etc. For example,1% solution of phenol and chlorine in the concentration of 0.2 to 0.4 ppm in aqueous solution By changing the concentration , same substance may act as disinfectant or as an antiseptic For example, 0.2% aqueous solution of phenol acts as antiseptic while 1% solution of phenol is a disinfectant. XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 38 Plz draw this picture And labeled it with Disinfectant .

39. Antifertility Drugs Drugs used to control pregnancy are called antifertility drugs. They contain steroids for birth control. Examples: Progestrone and Estrogen derivatives XII – ChemistryInEveryDayLife – ChemicalsInMedicine 39 Norethindrone (A synthetic progesterone derivative) Ethynylestradiol Plz draw the given strctures