Chemistry practical prasana heloo sai.pdf
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Oct 25, 2025
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QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF GIVEN SIMPLE SALT IS _______________________
S. No. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
PRELIMINARY TEST
1 COLOUR AND APPEARANCE:
a) Colour of the salt is noted
b) Appearance of the salt is noted
1. blue
2. green
3. brown
4. colourless
1. crystalline
2. powdery
May be copper salt
May be copper salt / nickel salt
May be ferric salt
Absence of copper and iron salts.
May be sulphate chloride or nitrate salts.
May be carbonate or sulphide salts.
2 Solubility:
A little of the salt is shaken well with
distilled water
1. Soluble
2. Insoluble
May be sulphate, chloride or nitrate salts.
May be carbonate or sulphide salts.
3 Action of Heat:
A small amount of the salt is taken in a
dry test tube and heated gently at first
and then strongly.
1. colourless, odourless gas turning lime
water milky evolves.
2. Decrepitation occurs. Reddish fumes
brown gas turning starch iodide paper blue.
3. Salt sublimes colourless pungent smelling
gas dense white fumes when a glass rod
dipped in conc. HCl is brought near the
mouth of the test tube.
May be carbonate.
May be nitrate.
May be ammonium salt.
S. No. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
PRELIMINARY TEST
1 COLOUR AND APPEARANCE:
a) Colour of the salt is noted
b) Appearance of the salt is noted
1. blue
2. green
3. brown
4. colourless
1. crystalline
2. powdery
May be copper salt
May be copper salt / nickel salt
May be ferric salt
Absence of copper and iron salts.
May be sulphate chloride or nitrate salts.
May be carbonate or sulphide salts.
2 Solubility:
A little of the salt is shaken well with
distilled water
1. Soluble
2. Insoluble
May be sulphate, chloride or nitrate salts.
May be carbonate or sulphide salts.
3 Action of Heat:
A small amount of the salt is taken in a
dry test tube and heated gently at first
and then strongly.
1. colourless, odourless gas turning lime
water milky evolves.
2. Decrepitation occurs. Reddish fumes
brown gas turning starch iodide paper blue.
3. Salt sublimes colourless pungent smelling
gas dense white fumes when a glass rod
dipped in conc. HCl is brought near the
mouth of the test tube.
May be carbonate.
May be nitrate.
May be ammonium salt.
4. the salt yellow when hot and white when
cold.
5. No characteristic change.
May be zinc.
Absence of carbonate, nitrate, zinc and
ammonium salt.
4 Flame Test:
A small amount of salt is made into a
paste with conc. HCl in a watch glass
and introduced into the non-luminous
part of the Bunsen flame using a
charred splinter.
1. Bluish green coloured flame
2. Grassy green flame.
3. Brick red coloured flame.
4. No characteristics coloured flame.
Presence of copper.
Presence of barium.
Presence of calcium.
Absence of barium, copper and calcium.
5 Ash Test:
A little paper is soaked in a mixture of
salt with conc. nitric acid and cobalt
nitrate solution and introduce into
Bunsen flame.
1. blue ash.
2. green ash.
3. pink ash.
4. No characteristics coloured ash.
1. presence of aluminium.
2. presence of zinc.
3. presence of magnesium.
4. absence of aluminium, zinc &
magnesium.
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
6 Action of dil. HCL
A small amount of salt added to 2/3
volume of dil. HCl taken in a test tube.
1. colourless, odourless gas with brisk
effervescence turning lime water milky
evolves.
2. colourless rotten egg smelling gas evolves
turning lead acetate paper black on
warming.
3. No characteristics change.
Carbonate is confirmed.
Sulphide is confirmed.
Absence of carbonate, sulphide, sulphite,
nitrite & acetate.
cold.
5. No characteristic change.
May be zinc.
Absence of carbonate, nitrate, zinc and
ammonium salt.
4 Flame Test:
A small amount of salt is made into a
paste with conc. HCl in a watch glass
and introduced into the non-luminous
part of the Bunsen flame using a
charred splinter.
1. Bluish green coloured flame
2. Grassy green flame.
3. Brick red coloured flame.
4. No characteristics coloured flame.
Presence of copper.
Presence of barium.
Presence of calcium.
Absence of barium, copper and calcium.
5 Ash Test:
A little paper is soaked in a mixture of
salt with conc. nitric acid and cobalt
nitrate solution and introduce into
Bunsen flame.
1. blue ash.
2. green ash.
3. pink ash.
4. No characteristics coloured ash.
1. presence of aluminium.
2. presence of zinc.
3. presence of magnesium.
4. absence of aluminium, zinc &
magnesium.
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
6 Action of dil. HCL
A small amount of salt added to 2/3
volume of dil. HCl taken in a test tube.
1. colourless, odourless gas with brisk
effervescence turning lime water milky
evolves.
2. colourless rotten egg smelling gas evolves
turning lead acetate paper black on
warming.
3. No characteristics change.
Carbonate is confirmed.
Sulphide is confirmed.
Absence of carbonate, sulphide, sulphite,
nitrite & acetate.
7 Action of Acidified potassium
permanganate:
To a small amount of salt solution a few
drops of potassium permanganate
solution acidified with dil.H2SO4 acid is
added with shaking.
1. Pink colour of potassium permanganate
decolourized.
2. No decolourisation.
Presence of sulphide.
Absence of sulphide.
8 Action of Conc. H2SO4:
A small amount of salt 4-5ml of
conc.H2SO4 is added and heated.
1. colourless gas giving pungent smell and
white fumes evolve when a glass rod dipped
in ammonium hydroxide brought near the
mouth of the test tube and also turning
moist blue litmus paper red.
2. brown gas evolves.
3. reddish brown gas evolves.
4. No characteristics change.
Presence of chloride.
Presence of nitrate.
Presence of bromide.
Absence of chloride, nitrate, bromide &
Iodide.
9 Manganese dioxide test:
A small amount of salt is heated with a
pinch of manganese dioxide and 2-3ml
of conc.H2SO4.
1. greenish yellow gas with irritating smell
turning starch iodide paper blue evolves.
2. brown red vapours evolves turning starch
iodide paper blue black.
3. No characteristics gas evolves.
Presence of chloride.
Presence of bromide.
Absence of chloride, bromide & Iodide.
10 Copper turnings test:
A small amount of salt is heated with
copper turnings and conc.H2SO4.
1. evolution of reddish-brown gas and the
solution in test tube appears blue.
2. no reddish-brown gas.
Presence of nitrate.
Absence of nitrate.
11 Action of sodium hydroxide:
A small amount of salt is heated with
sodium hydroxide solution.
1. pungent smelling gas evolves giving
dense white fumes with a glass rod dipped
Presence of ammonium.
permanganate:
To a small amount of salt solution a few
drops of potassium permanganate
solution acidified with dil.H2SO4 acid is
added with shaking.
1. Pink colour of potassium permanganate
decolourized.
2. No decolourisation.
Presence of sulphide.
Absence of sulphide.
8 Action of Conc. H2SO4:
A small amount of salt 4-5ml of
conc.H2SO4 is added and heated.
1. colourless gas giving pungent smell and
white fumes evolve when a glass rod dipped
in ammonium hydroxide brought near the
mouth of the test tube and also turning
moist blue litmus paper red.
2. brown gas evolves.
3. reddish brown gas evolves.
4. No characteristics change.
Presence of chloride.
Presence of nitrate.
Presence of bromide.
Absence of chloride, nitrate, bromide &
Iodide.
9 Manganese dioxide test:
A small amount of salt is heated with a
pinch of manganese dioxide and 2-3ml
of conc.H2SO4.
1. greenish yellow gas with irritating smell
turning starch iodide paper blue evolves.
2. brown red vapours evolves turning starch
iodide paper blue black.
3. No characteristics gas evolves.
Presence of chloride.
Presence of bromide.
Absence of chloride, bromide & Iodide.
10 Copper turnings test:
A small amount of salt is heated with
copper turnings and conc.H2SO4.
1. evolution of reddish-brown gas and the
solution in test tube appears blue.
2. no reddish-brown gas.
Presence of nitrate.
Absence of nitrate.
11 Action of sodium hydroxide:
A small amount of salt is heated with
sodium hydroxide solution.
1. pungent smelling gas evolves giving
dense white fumes with a glass rod dipped
Presence of ammonium.
in conc. HCl and also turning moist red
litmus paper blue.
2. no pungent smelling gas.
Absence of ammonium.
12 Chromyl chloride test:
To a small amount of salt, a pinch of
potassium dichromate is added and
heated with a few drops of conc.H2SO4.
1. red orange vapours evolved is passed
through water in a test tube, yellow
solution is obtained by adding lead acetate
solution, yellow precipitate is formed.
2. no red orange vapours.
Chloride is confirmed.
Absence of chloride.
PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate 100ml distilled water with added and the solution
is
boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and then filtered. This filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.
1 Silver nitrate test:
To a few drops of dil. nitric acid with
added until the effervescence ceases
and 2ml of silver nitrate is added.
1. a curdy white precipitate completely
soluble in excess of ammonium hydroxide is
obtained.
2. pale yellow precipitate is obtained.
3. no precipitate is obtained.
Presence of chloride.
Presence of bromide.
Absence of bromide & chloride.
2 Lead acetate test:
To a few drops of extract, dil. acetic
acid is added until the effervescence
ceases and 2ml of lead acetate solution
is added.
1. a white precipitate completely soluble in
ammonium acetate and sodium hydroxide
mixture is obtained.
2. a black precipitate soluble in hot dil. nitric
acid is obtained.
Presence of sulphate.
Presence of sulphide.
litmus paper blue.
2. no pungent smelling gas.
Absence of ammonium.
12 Chromyl chloride test:
To a small amount of salt, a pinch of
potassium dichromate is added and
heated with a few drops of conc.H2SO4.
1. red orange vapours evolved is passed
through water in a test tube, yellow
solution is obtained by adding lead acetate
solution, yellow precipitate is formed.
2. no red orange vapours.
Chloride is confirmed.
Absence of chloride.
PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate 100ml distilled water with added and the solution
is
boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and then filtered. This filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.
1 Silver nitrate test:
To a few drops of dil. nitric acid with
added until the effervescence ceases
and 2ml of silver nitrate is added.
1. a curdy white precipitate completely
soluble in excess of ammonium hydroxide is
obtained.
2. pale yellow precipitate is obtained.
3. no precipitate is obtained.
Presence of chloride.
Presence of bromide.
Absence of bromide & chloride.
2 Lead acetate test:
To a few drops of extract, dil. acetic
acid is added until the effervescence
ceases and 2ml of lead acetate solution
is added.
1. a white precipitate completely soluble in
ammonium acetate and sodium hydroxide
mixture is obtained.
2. a black precipitate soluble in hot dil. nitric
acid is obtained.
Presence of sulphate.
Presence of sulphide.
3. no precipitate is obtained.
Absence of sulphide & sulphate.
3 Barium chloride test:
To a few drops of the extract, dil. HCl is
added until the effervescence ceases
and 2ml of barium chloride is added.
1. a white precipitate insoluble in dil. HCL is
obtained.
2. No white precipitate is obtained.
Sulphate is confirmed.
Absence of sulphate.
4 Brown ring:
To a few drops of extract, dil. H2SO4 is
added until the effervescence ceases.
The solution is treated with freshly
prepared ferrous sulphate solution and
then conc.H2SO4 is added in drops along
the sides of test tube.
1. brown ring is formed at the junction of
the 2 layers.
2. no brown ring is formed.
Nitrate is confirmed.
Absence of nitrate.
5 Sodium nitroprusside test:
A few drops of extract, a little amount
of sodium nitroprusside solution is
added.
1. violet or pink coloured precipitate is
obtained.
2. No characteristics change.
Presence of sulphide.
Absence of sulphide.
The given acid radicals is ___________________
IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS:
Preparation of original solution:
Absence of sulphide & sulphate.
3 Barium chloride test:
To a few drops of the extract, dil. HCl is
added until the effervescence ceases
and 2ml of barium chloride is added.
1. a white precipitate insoluble in dil. HCL is
obtained.
2. No white precipitate is obtained.
Sulphate is confirmed.
Absence of sulphate.
4 Brown ring:
To a few drops of extract, dil. H2SO4 is
added until the effervescence ceases.
The solution is treated with freshly
prepared ferrous sulphate solution and
then conc.H2SO4 is added in drops along
the sides of test tube.
1. brown ring is formed at the junction of
the 2 layers.
2. no brown ring is formed.
Nitrate is confirmed.
Absence of nitrate.
5 Sodium nitroprusside test:
A few drops of extract, a little amount
of sodium nitroprusside solution is
added.
1. violet or pink coloured precipitate is
obtained.
2. No characteristics change.
Presence of sulphide.
Absence of sulphide.
The given acid radicals is ___________________
IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS:
Preparation of original solution:
The original solution is prepared by dissolving a gram of salt in 10 to 15 ml of distilled water. If it is insoluble in water, it is
prepared
by dissolving in dil. HCL.
S. No. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 To a few drops of original solution,
dilute hydrochloric acid is added.
1.White precipitate soluble when boiled
with water is obtained.
2.No white precipitate is formed.
Presence of lead.
Absence of lead.
2 To a few drops of the original solution
dilute hydrochloric acid is added and
hydrogen sulphide gas is passed.
1.A black precipitate is obtained.
2.No black precipitate is obtained.
Presence of copper.
Absence of copper.
3 To a few drops of original solution, 1ml
of ammonium chloride and 2ml of
ammonium hydroxide solution are
added.
1.Gelatanious white precipitate soluble in
sodium hydroxide is obtained.
2.Brown precipitate soluble in dilute
hydrochloric acid is obtained.
3.No characteristic-coloured precipitate is
obtained.
Presence of aluminium.
Presence of ferric.
Absence of aluminium and ferric.
4 To a few drops of the original solution,
1ml of ammonium chloride 2ml of
ammonium hydroxide solutions are
added and then hydrogen sulphide gas
is passed.
1.Dirty white precipitate is obtained.
2.No dirty white precipitate is obtained.
Presence of zinc.
Absence of zinc.
5 To a few drops of original solution, 1ml
of ammonium chloride and 2ml of
ammonium hydroxide and 2ml of
saturated ammonium carbonate
solutions are added.
1.White precipitate is obtained.
2.No white precipitate is obtained.
Presence of barium or calcium.
Absence of barium or calcium.
6 To a few drops of original solution, 1ml
of ammonium chloride, 2ml of
ammonium hydroxide and 2ml of
1. white precipitate is obtained.
2.No white precipitate is obtained.
Presence of magnesium.
Absence of magnesium.
prepared
by dissolving in dil. HCL.
S. No. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 To a few drops of original solution,
dilute hydrochloric acid is added.
1.White precipitate soluble when boiled
with water is obtained.
2.No white precipitate is formed.
Presence of lead.
Absence of lead.
2 To a few drops of the original solution
dilute hydrochloric acid is added and
hydrogen sulphide gas is passed.
1.A black precipitate is obtained.
2.No black precipitate is obtained.
Presence of copper.
Absence of copper.
3 To a few drops of original solution, 1ml
of ammonium chloride and 2ml of
ammonium hydroxide solution are
added.
1.Gelatanious white precipitate soluble in
sodium hydroxide is obtained.
2.Brown precipitate soluble in dilute
hydrochloric acid is obtained.
3.No characteristic-coloured precipitate is
obtained.
Presence of aluminium.
Presence of ferric.
Absence of aluminium and ferric.
4 To a few drops of the original solution,
1ml of ammonium chloride 2ml of
ammonium hydroxide solutions are
added and then hydrogen sulphide gas
is passed.
1.Dirty white precipitate is obtained.
2.No dirty white precipitate is obtained.
Presence of zinc.
Absence of zinc.
5 To a few drops of original solution, 1ml
of ammonium chloride and 2ml of
ammonium hydroxide and 2ml of
saturated ammonium carbonate
solutions are added.
1.White precipitate is obtained.
2.No white precipitate is obtained.
Presence of barium or calcium.
Absence of barium or calcium.
6 To a few drops of original solution, 1ml
of ammonium chloride, 2ml of
ammonium hydroxide and 2ml of
1. white precipitate is obtained.
2.No white precipitate is obtained.
Presence of magnesium.
Absence of magnesium.
disodium hydrogen phosphate
solutions are added.
7 A small amount of salt is heated with
sodium hydroxide solutions.
Pungent smelling gas giving dense white
fumes with a glass rod dipped in conc.
hydrochloric acid and also turns moist red
litmus paper blue evolves.
Presence of ammonium.
CONFIRMATORY TEST OF __________________
Lead (I group)
1. To a few drops of original solution, potassium
chromate solution is added.
2. To a few drops of original solution, 2 ml of
potassium iodide is added.
Yellow precipitate is obtained.
Yellow precipitate soluble in hot water and
reappearing as golden yellow sprangles on
cooling is obtained.
Lead is confirmed.
Lead is confirmed.
Aluminium (III group)
1. To a few drops of original solution, sodium
hydroxide solution is added in drops to excess.
2. To a few drops of original sodium, 2ml of
ammonium hydroxide and a few drops of
“aluminon” reagent is added.
White precipitate soluble in excess of
sodium hydroxide is obtained.
A bright red lake is obtained.
Aluminium is confirmed.
Aluminium is confirmed.
Zinc (IV group)
1. To 1ml of original solution, sodium hydroxide
solution is added in drops to excess.
2. To 1 ml of original solution, 2 ml of potassium
ferrocyanide solution is added
White precipitate soluble in excess of
sodium hydroxide is obtained.
White or bluish white precipitate soluble in
excess of sodium hydroxide is obtained.
Zinc is confirmed.
Zinc is confirmed.
Barium (V group)
Yellow precipitate is obtained.
Barium is confirmed.
solutions are added.
7 A small amount of salt is heated with
sodium hydroxide solutions.
Pungent smelling gas giving dense white
fumes with a glass rod dipped in conc.
hydrochloric acid and also turns moist red
litmus paper blue evolves.
Presence of ammonium.
CONFIRMATORY TEST OF __________________
Lead (I group)
1. To a few drops of original solution, potassium
chromate solution is added.
2. To a few drops of original solution, 2 ml of
potassium iodide is added.
Yellow precipitate is obtained.
Yellow precipitate soluble in hot water and
reappearing as golden yellow sprangles on
cooling is obtained.
Lead is confirmed.
Lead is confirmed.
Aluminium (III group)
1. To a few drops of original solution, sodium
hydroxide solution is added in drops to excess.
2. To a few drops of original sodium, 2ml of
ammonium hydroxide and a few drops of
“aluminon” reagent is added.
White precipitate soluble in excess of
sodium hydroxide is obtained.
A bright red lake is obtained.
Aluminium is confirmed.
Aluminium is confirmed.
Zinc (IV group)
1. To 1ml of original solution, sodium hydroxide
solution is added in drops to excess.
2. To 1 ml of original solution, 2 ml of potassium
ferrocyanide solution is added
White precipitate soluble in excess of
sodium hydroxide is obtained.
White or bluish white precipitate soluble in
excess of sodium hydroxide is obtained.
Zinc is confirmed.
Zinc is confirmed.
Barium (V group)
Yellow precipitate is obtained.
Barium is confirmed.
1. To a few drops of original solution, potassium
chromate is added
2. To 1 ml of original solution, 2 ml of dilute
sulphuric acid is added
A white precipitate insoluble in acid is
obtained.
Barium is confirmed.
Calcium (V group)
1. To a few drops of original solution potassium
chromate is added
2. To a few drops of original solution, 1 ml of
ammonium hydroxide and 2ml of ammonium
oxalate solutions are added
No precipitate is obtained.
A white precipitate insoluble in acetic acid is
obtained.
Calcium is confirmed.
Calcium is confirmed.
Magnesium (VI group)
1. To a few drops of original solution sodium
hydroxide solution is added in drops to excess
2. To a few drops of original solution 2 to 3
drops of “magnesium” reagent is added
followed by sodium hydroxide drops.
White precipitate soluble in excess of
sodium hydroxide is obtained.
Blue precipitate is obtained.
Magnesium is confirmed.
Magnesium is confirmed.
Ammonium (zeroth group)
To 1ml of original solution, a few ml of Nessler’s
reagent and excess of sodium hydroxide
solutions are added.
Brown precipitate is obtained.
Ammonium is confirmed.
The given basic radical is ___________________
REPORT:
chromate is added
2. To 1 ml of original solution, 2 ml of dilute
sulphuric acid is added
A white precipitate insoluble in acid is
obtained.
Barium is confirmed.
Calcium (V group)
1. To a few drops of original solution potassium
chromate is added
2. To a few drops of original solution, 1 ml of
ammonium hydroxide and 2ml of ammonium
oxalate solutions are added
No precipitate is obtained.
A white precipitate insoluble in acetic acid is
obtained.
Calcium is confirmed.
Calcium is confirmed.
Magnesium (VI group)
1. To a few drops of original solution sodium
hydroxide solution is added in drops to excess
2. To a few drops of original solution 2 to 3
drops of “magnesium” reagent is added
followed by sodium hydroxide drops.
White precipitate soluble in excess of
sodium hydroxide is obtained.
Blue precipitate is obtained.
Magnesium is confirmed.
Magnesium is confirmed.
Ammonium (zeroth group)
To 1ml of original solution, a few ml of Nessler’s
reagent and excess of sodium hydroxide
solutions are added.
Brown precipitate is obtained.
Ammonium is confirmed.
The given basic radical is ___________________
REPORT:
The given acid radical is ___________________
The given basic radical is ___________________
The given simple salt is ____________________
The given basic radical is ___________________
The given simple salt is ____________________
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