Chemistry Unit 2 Part 5 - The Representative Elements

1. Unit 2 Part 4
Organization of the Modern Organization of the Modern
Periodic TablePeriodic Table

2. Metals, Nonmetals, and Metaloids
nmetals- those elements on the left side of metals- those elements on the left side of
the chart.the chart.
uhigh luster, electrically conductivehigh luster, electrically conductive
uMalleableMalleable

3. nnonmetals- those elements on the right nonmetals- those elements on the right
side of the chart.side of the chart.
uno lusterno luster
ubrittle, nonmalleablebrittle, nonmalleable
unon conductivenon conductive
nmetaloids- elements with properties of metaloids- elements with properties of
both metals and nonmetals.both metals and nonmetals.

4. The Representative Elements

5. The Transition Metals

6. Inner Transition Metals

7. Hydrogen
nAlthough in Group 1A, hydrogen shares Although in Group 1A, hydrogen shares
few properties with other elements in the few properties with other elements in the
group.group.
nHydrogen is the most abundant element in Hydrogen is the most abundant element in
the universe. Over 90% of the mass in the the universe. Over 90% of the mass in the
universe is hydrogen.universe is hydrogen.
nHydrogen can behave like a metal or a non- Hydrogen can behave like a metal or a non-
metal.metal.

8. The Alkali Metals
nAlkali (arabic al-qili – meaning “ashes of a Alkali (arabic al-qili – meaning “ashes of a
saltwort plant”) saltwort plant”)
nThese Group 1A elements react with water These Group 1A elements react with water
to form alkaline (basic) solutions.to form alkaline (basic) solutions.
nMost are soft enough to cut with a knifeMost are soft enough to cut with a knife

9. nLithiumLithium
uLeast reactive in group.Least reactive in group.
uSimilar to Magnesium Similar to Magnesium
uCommon Compounds:Common Compounds:
FLithium Hydride – BatteriesLithium Hydride – Batteries
FLithium Carbonate – treat bipolar Lithium Carbonate – treat bipolar
disorder.disorder.

10. nSodium and PotassiumSodium and Potassium
uMost abundant of the Group 1A Most abundant of the Group 1A
elementselements
uBoth react “vigorously” with water.Both react “vigorously” with water.
uCommon CompoundsCommon Compounds
FSodium chloride – table saltSodium chloride – table salt
FPotassium chloride – “salt” substitute.Potassium chloride – “salt” substitute.
FPotassium Nitrate – explosive.Potassium Nitrate – explosive.

11. The Alkali Earth Metals
nAlchemy used the word “earth” to describe Alchemy used the word “earth” to describe
elements that did not melt in fire.elements that did not melt in fire.
nMost compounds of this group do not Most compounds of this group do not
dissolve in water.dissolve in water.

12. nBerylliumBeryllium
uUsed to control nuclear reactionsUsed to control nuclear reactions
uUsed to make tools for the petroleum Used to make tools for the petroleum
industryindustry

13. nCalciumCalcium
uEssential in humans for bones and teeth.Essential in humans for bones and teeth.
uCalcium Carbonate – antacid, major component Calcium Carbonate – antacid, major component
of limestone, chalk, and marble.of limestone, chalk, and marble.
uLime – calcium oxide.Lime – calcium oxide.
nMagnesiumMagnesium
uUseful in the construction of strong and Useful in the construction of strong and
lightweight alloys.lightweight alloys.
uMagnesium oxide – high melting pointMagnesium oxide – high melting point

14. nStrontiumStrontium
uFireworks “red” colorFireworks “red” color
nBariumBarium
uUsed to color glass.Used to color glass.
uSome compounds used for medical Some compounds used for medical
diagnostics.diagnostics.
nRadiumRadium
uHighly radioactive – once used to paint Highly radioactive – once used to paint
the hands on watches to glow in the dark.the hands on watches to glow in the dark.

15. The Boron Group
nThese elements are always found These elements are always found
combined with other elements in nature.combined with other elements in nature.
nBoronBoron
uLeast representative.Least representative.
uBorax – Borax –
uBorosilicate glass – withstands high Borosilicate glass – withstands high
temperature differences.temperature differences.

16. nAluminumAluminum
uMost abundant metal in the earth’s crust.Most abundant metal in the earth’s crust.
uBauxite – ore of aluminum oxide. It is Bauxite – ore of aluminum oxide. It is
used as an abrasive.used as an abrasive.
nGalliumGallium
uGallium Arsenide – converts solar energy Gallium Arsenide – converts solar energy
from electricity.from electricity.
uGallium based laser – “blue-ray” DVD Gallium based laser – “blue-ray” DVD
players. players.

17. The Carbon Group
nWide range of properties within one Wide range of properties within one
group.group.
nCarbonCarbon
uOrganic and biological chemistry.Organic and biological chemistry.
uInorganic compounds.Inorganic compounds.

18. uCompounds of itself.Compounds of itself.
FGraphite, Coal, Diamond.Graphite, Coal, Diamond.
FAllotropes – same elements in the same state Allotropes – same elements in the same state
with different structures and properties.with different structures and properties.

19. nSiliconSilicon
uUsed in computer chips and solar cells. Used in computer chips and solar cells.
uSilca – silicon dioxide. Major component Silca – silicon dioxide. Major component
of sand.of sand.
nLeadLead
uLead was one of the first metals Lead was one of the first metals
separated from ore. Once used for separated from ore. Once used for
plumbing, now known to cause brain plumbing, now known to cause brain
damage.damage.
u Car batteries.Car batteries.

20. The Nitrogen Group
nNitrogen- colorless, odorless gas; makes up Nitrogen- colorless, odorless gas; makes up
78% of Earth’s atmosphere. Common 78% of Earth’s atmosphere. Common
element in explosives.element in explosives.
nPhosphorus – essential for plant growth.Phosphorus – essential for plant growth.
nAntimony, Arsenic, and bismuth Antimony, Arsenic, and bismuth
uArsenic sulfide – toxic but used at one Arsenic sulfide – toxic but used at one
time to treat illnesstime to treat illness

21. uAntimony sulfide – makeup to darken Antimony sulfide – makeup to darken
eybrows.eybrows.
uBismuth- “Pepto-bismol” and in Wood’s Bismuth- “Pepto-bismol” and in Wood’s
alloy (fire sprinklers)alloy (fire sprinklers)

22. The Oxygen Group (Chalcogens)
nOxygenOxygen
uTwo common allotropesTwo common allotropes
FOO
22 – 21% of the earth’s atmosphere – 21% of the earth’s atmosphere
FOO
33 – unstable gas that decomposes – unstable gas that decomposes
under heat and UV radiationunder heat and UV radiation
uThe most abundant element in earth’s The most abundant element in earth’s
crust.crust.

23. nSulfurSulfur
uYellow with multiple allotropesYellow with multiple allotropes
uSulfur dioxide – emission responsible for Sulfur dioxide – emission responsible for
acid rainacid rain
uHydrogen sulfide – “rotten egg” smell.Hydrogen sulfide – “rotten egg” smell.
uSilver sulfide – silver tarnishSilver sulfide – silver tarnish

24. nSeleniumSelenium
uSodium Selenate - found in Sodium Selenate - found in
multivitamins. Works with Vitamin E to multivitamins. Works with Vitamin E to
prevent cell damage.prevent cell damage.
uLocoweed – contains toxic Locoweed – contains toxic
concentrations of selenium.concentrations of selenium.
uUsed in solar panels, photocopiers, and Used in solar panels, photocopiers, and
microprocessorsmicroprocessors

25. nPoloniumPolonium
uRareRare
uRadioactiveRadioactive
uExtremely ToxicExtremely Toxic
uDiscovered by Marie and Piere Curie Discovered by Marie and Piere Curie
(1898). Named for her homeland (1898). Named for her homeland
(Poland)(Poland)

26. The Halogens
nFlourineFlourine
uThe most reactive nonmetal.The most reactive nonmetal.
uAdded to toothpaste and drinking water Added to toothpaste and drinking water
to prevent decay.to prevent decay.
nChlorineChlorine
uAlthough a toxic gas, is used to disinfect Although a toxic gas, is used to disinfect
sewage and drinking water.sewage and drinking water.

27. nBromine and IodineBromine and Iodine
uSodium Bromide, and Sodium Iodine Sodium Bromide, and Sodium Iodine
coat photographic film.coat photographic film.
uGoiter – condition where body is Goiter – condition where body is
deprived of iodine. Ex: Iodized salt.deprived of iodine. Ex: Iodized salt.
uWater purification tablets.Water purification tablets.

28. The Noble Gases
nColorless and non reactiveColorless and non reactive
nHeliumHelium
uUsed by divers to prevent the bends.Used by divers to prevent the bends.
uFound on earth in Natural gas wells.Found on earth in Natural gas wells.
uTexas is a leading supplier of Helium.Texas is a leading supplier of Helium.

29. nNeon, Argon, and KryptonNeon, Argon, and Krypton
uLight displaysLight displays
uArgon is used in high temperature Argon is used in high temperature
welding to prevent combustion.welding to prevent combustion.

30. nRadonRadon
uRadioactive gasRadioactive gas

31. Transition Metals
n““B” GroupsB” Groups
nMost are solids at room temperature with Most are solids at room temperature with
high melting points.high melting points.
uThe more unpaired electrons the greater The more unpaired electrons the greater
the hardness and higher the melting the hardness and higher the melting
point.point.
nCan vary in their loss of electronsCan vary in their loss of electrons

32. Inner Transition Metals
nLanthanide SeriesLanthanide Series
u““Silvery” metals with high melting Silvery” metals with high melting
points.points.
uTypically found mixed together in nature Typically found mixed together in nature
and very difficult to refine.and very difficult to refine.
uNeodymium and Praseodymium – Neodymium and Praseodymium –
Welder’s GlassesWelder’s Glasses
uYttrium oxide and europium oxide – TVs Yttrium oxide and europium oxide – TVs
and CRTsand CRTs
uLanthanide – used in projectors and Lanthanide – used in projectors and
sunglassessunglasses

33. nActinide SeriesActinide Series
uRadioactiveRadioactive
uOnly 3 exist in nature Only 3 exist in nature
uTransuranium element – synthetic Transuranium element – synthetic
elements exist beyond Atomic number elements exist beyond Atomic number
92.92.
uPlutonium – nuclear “fuel” for power Plutonium – nuclear “fuel” for power
plants.plants.
uAmericium – smoke detectors.Americium – smoke detectors.