Childhood Development power point literacy.pptx

Report

1. Contemporary Insights about Child and adolescent Development Pre-birth to Preschool

2. Child and adolescent Development “Child development”, or “child and adolescent development” refer to the process of growth and maturation of the human individual from conception to adulthood. Understanding Children Children are engaged in a continuous process of learning about themselves and their world. As they mature, that world expands from the their home and parents to siblings to peers and, eventually, to people and places they know about but may never actually see. In order to function successfully in society, children must learn to know themselves, to achieve self-identity. They must also learn about social interaction and recognize ways in which they are like as well as different from others. Those are psychosocial ways of thinking. At the same time, children are experiencing tremendous growth in cognitive abilities and in motor skills. Development continually goes on in all three of those areas: thus childhood is a crucial stage of life

3. Adults who are responsible for planning educational experiences will find that knowledge of child development is helpful in making literature a meaningful part of children's lives. Developmental psychologists seek to discover what children are like at various stages of maturity. What are their needs? What are their value systems at different ages? What are children's skills and abilities at different ages? What are their reading interests? Some of the questions relate more directly to literary experiences than others. Nevertheless, the research and theory based on these questions have much to tell us that is important to the study and use of children's literature. An understanding of children's needs, cognitive abilities, psychosocial crises, and moral and social development can help us in selecting the kinds of books and reading-related activities that will be most satisfying to a child of a particular age. We shall briefly survey those aspects of the developmental theories of  Abraham Maslow, Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget , Lawrence Kohlberg, and Albert Bandura  that are most pertinent to experiences with literature .

4. Maslow's great concern was for humanistic education and so his thinking focused on the individual's self-actualization as fulfillment of his or her potential . Erikson's psychosocial theory is concerned with the development of individual identity and also with the individual's ability to function in society. Piaget has written most extensively about children's cognitive development, but his work deals with moral growth as well . Kohlberg's work is concentrated primarily on moral development, describing a succession of stages through which an individual moves with increased maturity. Bandura has studied the influence of social models on children's teaming. Such theories have implications for the selection of literature because they suggest something about children's interests and needs at various stages of development. They also help to identify cognitive and verbal skills which may influence ability to deal with such literary elements as point of view, flashback, and foreshadowing. Knowledge of child development can be of use both in selecting books and in planning activities to enhance the literary experience.

5. Developmental Milestones Introduction Developmental milestones are typical changes that occur for children as they grow from birth throughout childhood. They are reached at different times for different children and may be impacted by developmental disabilities . Research has helped shed light on the developmental milestones that occur for most children within all of the major domains of development, including physical, cognitive, emotional/social, and language/literacy development. 

6. Milestones in Physical Development Physical development is a major domain of early childhood development. It encompasses the biological development of the body -- such as body growth and organ development -- and skills that are performed using the body. AGE MILESTONES By 2 Months -Can begin to hold head up -Starts pushing up during tummy time -Movements of limbs become smoother By 4 Months -Can hold head steady without support -Pushes legs against hard surfaces -May begin rolling over -Can grasp and hold toys

7. Milestones in Physical Development AGE MILESTONES 8 months Can roll over bi-directionally Can sit unsupported Can support own weight on legs; may also be able to bounce up and down 9 months Can stand while holding onto something for support Can maneuver body into a sitting position Can crawl 1 y ear Can walk, sometimes needing support of nearby objects Might be able to stand and/or walk without holding on 1 year and half Can walk without support May be able to stair climb or run Can drink from a cup Can carry objects like toys while walking Can eat with a utensil 2 years More coordination (e.g., can kick or throw a ball) Can stair climb Can draw and color AGE MILESTONES 3 years Can easily stair climb, run, etc. Can use a bike (e.g., tricycle, bike with training wheels) 4 years Can hop and stand on one foot Can catch balls with greater accuracy Can eat with more control (e.g., pouring own juice) 5 years Can hop, skip, and stand on one foot for an extended time May be able to do complex movements (e.g., somersaults, climbing) Can use the toilet Can use more utensils at mealtime

8. Milestones in Cognitive Development Cognitive development is a major domain of early childhood development. Cognition involves operation of the mind, or thinking. Examples of cognitive development in childhood include children learning to distinguish between behaviors that will be rewarded, versus those that will be punished by their parents, and then making decisions (e.g., to follow directions) based on this reasoning. 

9. Milestones in Cognitive Development AGE MILESTONES AGE MILESTONES By 2 months Notices faces Can begin tracking people and objects with eyes May express boredom without novelty (e.g., crying) 1 years and half Can understand the function of objects (e.g., phone, plate) Can point to things to express interest Can follow more directions By 4 months Can express happiness and sadness Can respond to affection from others Can recognize familiar people and things 2 years Can distinguish shapes, colors, etc. Can learn and recall the content of books and songs Can follow more complex directions By 6 months Can intentionally bring objects to mouth Can pass objects between both hands Expresses more curiosity about environment 3 years Can play pretend games Can understand the meaning of numbers Can solve problems (e.g., how to fit puzzle pieces or blocks together) By 9 months Can look for hidden objects (may or may not find them) Can look at objects as they fall Can play "peek-a-boo" 4 years Can names colors, letters, numbers, etc. Can remember story plots Can distinguish more complex ideas (e.g., same vs. different) Can play more difficult games (e.g., board, card) 1 year Can easily find hidden objects Explores in new ways (e.g., throwing, banging on objects) Can copy other people's gestures Can follow simple directions 5 years Can count Can draw with more complexity Can understand daily scenarios (e.g., going to school, grocery store shopping)

10. Milestones in Emotional and Social Development Emotional and social development are major domains of early childhood development. This type of development is critical to human functioning and rooted in the biology of human beings -- and a critical one for healthy functioning throughout life .

11. Milestones in Emotional and Social Development AGE MILESTONES AGE MILESTONES By 2 months Can smile at others Can self-soothe 1 years and half May engage in temper tantrums Can play pretend games Can explore a lot but may need caregiver close by By 4 months Enjoys play and novelty May be able to copy facial expressions 2 years Can copy the behavior of others Becomes more independent May disobey rules or act resistant By 6 months Can recognize strangers vs. familiar people Can respond to the emotions of others Can recognize self in mirror 3 years Can show affection for peers Imitates the actions of others Can show empathy Greater range of emotional expression By 9 months May become clingy to caregivers and fearful of strangers May have developed favorite toys 4 years Becomes more creative Shows and expresses own interests Shows more interest in playing with others than alone 1 year Can gain attention through sounds and actions May be fearful of new situations or the departure of a caregiver May show preference toward things or people 5 years Shows interest in friends and in pleasing them Has gender awareness More following rules than disobeying of earlier age

12. Child Development and Early Learning Introduction   Language and literacy development are major domains of early childhood development. They involve development of the skills used to communicate with others through languages (language development), as well as the ability to read and write (literacy development ). Key Concepts Language  has been defined as "a system of symbols that is used to communicate .“ Literacy  is defined as the ability to read and write 1 . Like language, literacy develops through the interactions a child experiences with others. In early childhood, for example, literacy can develop through hearing stories read from books and showing children pictures with words.

13. Ways to Support Language and Literacy Development in Early Childhood There are simple ways that adult caregivers can help support the language and literacy development within early childhood. One way to do this is through books. The following tips help support children's healthy development in this area using books. Incorporate books and reading into daily routines, like a part of a child's bedtime ritual. Remember that very young children may not have the attention span to sit through long books; reading a book partially is still helpful . Use all forms of verbal expression to read to children, including reading, singing, and conversing about the content of books.

14. Ways to Support Language and Literacy Development in Early Childhood Connect the stories found in books to the child's life (i.e., personalize them). As babies get older, show them the words that you are reading, as you read them. Keep children engaged in reading by asking them questions along the way, or letting them tell stories. Keep in mind that what young children like in books is different than what older children like; for example, books with bright colors, large print, and lots of novelty are more appealing to young children.

15. Milestones in Language and Literacy Development AGE MILESTONES AGE MILESTONES By 2 months Makes cooing and gurgling sounds Pays attention to sounds 1 years and half Can say many words May communicate through pointing By 4 months Can babble Will cry in various ways to express needs (e.g., hunger, tiredness) 2 years Can form short sentences Can repeat more words used by others Can name objects and people By 6 months Can respond to people with basic sounds Can pronounce vowels Can recognize own name 3 years Can hold conversations Can names more objects and people Understands more complex instructions (2 to 3 steps) By 9 months Can make basic sounds (e.g., "dada" and "mama") Can copy the sounds of other people 4 years Can tell stories Understands some grammatical rules Can sing a song or recite a poem 1 year Can respond to others' requests Can try to verbalize the words that he or she hears Can communicate through gestures (e.g., shaking head no) 5 years Can speak in clear sentences Can understand tense (e.g., past vs. future) May be able to recite more complex things (e.g., own address)