CHLOROPHYLL AND OTHER PIGMENTS general biology.pptx

Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is the primary pigment in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria responsible for absorbing light energy for photosynthesis. It primarily absorbs light in the blue and red wavelengths while reflecting green, which gives plants their green color. The main types of chlorophyll include:

Chlorophyll a – The most essential pigment in photosynthesis, found in all photosynthetic organisms.
Chlorophyll b – Found mainly in green plants, assisting chlorophyll a by extending the range of light absorption.
Chlorophyll c & d – Found in certain algae and cyanobacteria, helping to capture light in different aquatic environments.
2. Carotenoids
Carotenoids are accessory pigments that absorb blue and green light and reflect yellow, orange, and red. They help in photosynthesis by passing absorbed light energy to chlorophyll and protecting cells from oxidative damage. Examples include:

Beta-carotene – Found in carrots and many plants, important for producing vitamin A.
Xanthophylls – Such as lutein and zeaxanthin, found in green leaves and involved in light protection.
3. Phycobilins
Phycobilins are water-soluble pigments found in cyanobacteria and red algae, absorbing light in wavelengths not well absorbed by chlorophyll. They include:

Phycocyanin – A blue pigment found in cyanobacteria.
Phycoerythrin – A red pigment found in red algae.
These pigments work together to optimize light absorption and protect plant cells from excessive light exposure.

1. CHLOROPHYLL AND OTHER PIGMENTS

2. MODES OF NUTRITION autotrophs heterotrophs

3. STRUCTURE: A long, disc-shaped organelle containing the pigment called chlorophyll FUNCTION Site of photosynthesis CHLOROPLAST X animal cell plant cell CELL STRUCTURES

4. CHLOROPLAST

5. STRUCTURE OF A CHLOROPLAST

6. CHLOROPLAST

7. CHLOROPLAST

8. Slide 1 WHAT ARE PIGMENTS? These are colored substances by plant that absorb light rays from the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The color we see is the net effect of all the light reflecting back at us

9. Functions of Pigments in Plants Primary Function: Photosynthesis Uses green pigment chlorophyll along with several red and yellow pigments Help to capture as much light as possible Attracting insects to flowers for pollination

10. Functions of Pigments in Plants

11. Pigments of Plants

12. chlorophyll carotenoids

13. CHLOROPHYLL Green pigment found in plants , algae , and phytoplankton Used in photosynthesis as photoreceptor Make plants and algae appear green Absorbs red and blue light Reflects green light Example: Green plants

14. 6 Types of Chlorophyll Chlorophyll A Primary molecule responsible for photosynthesis Found in in every single photosynthesizing organism Chlorophyll B Mainly found in land plants, aquatic plants, and green algae

15. Importance of photosynthetic pigments Chlorophyll b This pigment is less abundant than chlorophyll a but has ability to absorb a wider wavelength of light energy. An accessory pigment for photosynthesis. This pigment is important because it absorbs blue light from the electromagnetic spectrum. This pigment helps chlorophyll a to absorb the other light energy it cannot store on its pigment giving more energy for the plant.

16. Chlorophyll C Found in red algae, brown algae, and dinoflagellates Chlorophyll D Minor pigment found in some red algae 6 Types of Chlorophyll

17. 6 types of Chlorophyll Chlorophyll E Rare pigment found in yellow-green algae Chlorophyll F Recently discovered in some cyanobacteria near Australia

18. Functions of Chlorophyll Main pigment in photosynthesis Giving plants their green color Helps to channel the energy of sunlight into chemical energy Attract pollinators and seed disperses

19. Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Carotenoids Photosynthetic Pigments are useful to plants and other autotrophs --organisms which make their own food using photosynthesis.

20. OTHER PIGMENTS

21. CAROTENOIDS Absorb wavelength not readily absorbed by chlorophyll Absorbs violet and blue-green light Reflects yellow, orange, and/or red light Example: Carotene (found in carrots), Lutein (yellow pigment found in fruits and vegetables), and Lycopen e (red pigment found in tomatoes)

22. Functions of Carotenoids Accessory pigments in all plants Absorbs light energy Getting rid of excess light energy Absorbs excess light energy in chloroplast and dissipate it as heat Anti oxidant Attract pollinators and seed disperses

23. XANTHOPHYLL Fourth common class of pigments Essentially oxidized carotenes Do not absorb energy as well as carotenoids Absorbs blue and ultraviolet light Reflects brown or yellow light Example: Spinach and cabbage

24. Functions of Xanthophyll Attract pollinators and seed disperses Accessory pigments in all plants

25. ANTHOCYANIN Water soluble flavonoid pigments Occurs in all tissues of higher plants but the color is not noticeable In acidic condition, it appears as red pigment while blue pigment exists in alkaline conditions Absorbs blue-green light Reflects blue, red and purple light Example: Eggplant and onion

26. Functions of Anthocyanin Traditionally used as dye and food colorant Used as medicine to treat various cancers as it possess antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-obesity effects, and prevention of cardiovascular diseases Accessory pigments in all plants Attract pollinators and seed dispersers

27. Betalain Water soluble pigment Synthesized from tyrosine Absorbs blue-green light Reflects red-violet and yellow light

28. Functions of Betalin Accessory pigments in all plants Anti-oxidant Protection against heart diseases, ulcers, liver damage and various cancers Attract pollinators and seed disperses

29. Importance of photosynthetic pigments Pigments are colorful chemical compounds that reflect light of a specific wavelength and absorb other wavelengths.

30. Importance of photosynthetic pigments Leaves, flowers, coral, and animal skins contain pigments that give them color. Photosynthesis is a process taking place in plants and can be defined as a conversion of light energy to chemical energy.

31. Importance of photosynthetic pigments It is a process by which green plants produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water by the help of chlorophyll (green pigment in plants) in the presence of light energy.

32. Slide 1 “LIFE WOULD BE NOTHING WITHOUT PLANTS AND PLANTS WOULD BE NOTHING WITHOUT COLORS”