Chronic bronchitis & emphysema

AS level Biology Project

1. Chronic Bronchitis & Emphysema By: Willis Grade:11 Highfield Secondary School 2016-2017

2. COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of obstructive lung disease characterized by long-term poor airflow. The main symptoms include shortness of breath and cough with sputum production. COPD typically worsens over time. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are older terms used for different types of COPD.

3. Chronic Bronchitis

4. What is Chronic Bronchitis? Bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes that results in excessive secretions of mucus into the tubes, leading to tissue swelling that can narrow or close off bronchial tubes. People with Chronic Bronchitis will eventually develop Emphysema.

5. What is Chronic Bronchitis? Bronchitis can either be acute or chronic. Acute Bronchitis is caused by a viral or bacterial infection and is usually a short term illness Chronic Bronchitis results from irritation of the lining of the bronchi and bronchioles by dust, fumes, atmospheric pollution and most significantly, tars in tobacco smoke. Chronic Bronchitis causes excessive amounts of sticky mucus to build up in the airways, restricting amount of airflow in and out of the lungs. Results to breathing difficulties

6. Symptoms Symptoms of Bronchitis: Inflammation of the mucous membranes of airways Excessive production of mucus from the goblet cells Damage to the cilia of the epithelium Accumulation of this mucus in the lungs Heavy coughs Build up of scar tissue on the bronchi and bronchioles Infections, such as pneumonia, caused by bacteria accumulation

7. Symptoms

8. Symptoms Symptoms of Chronic Bronchitis Heavy cough Sputum production - The sputum may be yellow, green, white, or occasionally blood-tinged Shortness of breath (dyspnea) gradually increases with disease’s severity Wheezing ( a coarse whistling sound produced when airways are partially obstructed) Other symptoms: Fatigue, sore throat, and nasal congestion When Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis occurs: Severe coughing with chest pain Cyanosis ( bluish/grayish skin coloration) Fever

9. What are the causes? The main cause is cigarette smoking Secondhand smoke Inhaled irritants, such as smog, industrial pollutants, and solvents. Viral and bacterial infections Underlying disease processes, such as asthma and cystic fibrosis

10. Diagnosing Chronic Bronchitis Chest X-ray Sputum ( mucus coughed up from the lungs, to be tested on analyzing presence of bacteria Pulmonary Function Test ( checks for signs of asthma or emphysema by measuring how well you’re able to breathe) CT scan, high resolution X-rays of the body from various angles

11. Treatment and Prevention Medical Treatment Bronchodilator (for example: albuterol) medicine that opens the airways in your lungs by relaxing the smooth muscles that encircle the bronchi. Usually breathed in through an inhaler. Theophylline, an oral medication that relaxes the muscles in your airways so they open up more, relieves breathing difficulties. Steroids (example: prednisone) reduces the inflammatory reaction and thus decrease the bronchial swelling and secretions of mucus. Pulmonary rehabilitation, improve breathing and overall well-being Supplemental oxygen therapy Over-the-counter (OTC) cough suppressants such as dextromethorphan

12. Treatment and Prevention

13. Treatment and Prevention Lifestyle Remedies Breathing in warm, moist air to ease coughs and loosen the mucus in the airways Quit smoking immediately Physical activity to strengthen the muscle and help breathing

14. Treatment and Prevention Preventions Not smoking and avoid second hand smoke Flu and pneumococcal vaccines to prevent repeated infections Avoiding air-borne chemicals and dust with appropriate masks

15. Emphysema

16. What is Emphysema Emphysema is a long-term progressive disease that gradually damages the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, causing shortness of breath. In emphysematous lungs the elastic fibers are damaged, when air enters the alveolus stretch but are unable to recoil, trapping old air, leaving no room for fresh one. Some alveoli may burst, creating one larger air sac that reduces the surface area available for gas exchange. Bronchioles become inflamed and scarred leaving a narrower lumen .

17. What is Emphysema

18. Symptoms In Early Stages Slight breathlessness In Later Stages Chronic cough Blue skin coloration Difficulty in breathing (shortness of breath) Wheezing Pursed-lip breathing ( the person pursed their lips, leaving only small opening, then block the air flow when the exhale, increasing the pressure in the collapsed airways, opening them, allowing the trapped air to empty Develop “barrel chest”, distance from the chest to the back, normally less that the distance side to side, becomes more pronounce.

19. Symptoms

20. What are the causes? Cigarette smoking is the most dangerous behavior that causes development of emphysema. - Smoke causes mucous secretion to increase, decrease ability to clear the secretions - Mucous that builds up traps bacteria and other irritants causing infection - immune system releases destructive enzyme, leads to loss of protein responsible for keeping the lungs elastic Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency cause inability to fight destructive effects of trypsin when released in the lungs, lung tissue slowly destroyed, decreasing the ability of the lungs to perform appropriately Air pollution acts similar to cigarette smoking, causing inflammation in the airways, leading to tissue destruction

21. What are the causes?

22. Diagnosing Emphysema Chest X-ray Lung Function Test - involve having you breathe into a tube connected to a computer or monitoring device that measure how much air your lungs can hold, how quickly your lungs can expel air during expiration, how much reserve capacity your lungs have for increased demand. Lab tests (blood test for genetic disease evaluation, white blood cell count, and arterial blood gas)

23. Treatment and Prevention Medical Treatment Stop smoking Bronchodilating Medications - Albuterol, Ipratropium bromide ( Atrovent ) for relatively mild emphysema, Methylanthines ( theophylline) keeps air passageways open. Steroid medications (decrease inflammation in the body) Antibiotics Supplemental oxygen

24. Treatment and Prevention Surgery Lung Volume Reduction Surgery (LVRS). Removes small wedges of damaged lung tissue, helps remaining lung tissue to work more efficiently and improves breathing Lung Transplant

25. Treatment and Prevention Lifestyle and Home Remedies Stop smoking Avoid other respiratory irritants Exercise regularly Protect yourself from cold air Prevent respiratory infections by getting flu and pneumonia vaccinations Prevention Not to smoke at all Getting vaccination to prevent respiratory infectio ns

26. References http:// www.healthline.com/health/copd/understanding-chronic-bronchitis http:// www.medicinenet.com/chronic_bronchitis/article.htm http:// www.emedicinehealth.com/emphysema/article_em.htm http:// www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/emphysema/basics/definition/con-20014218

27. Thank You Smoking Kills!