City forms

Here I will discuss about various forms of the city with their case studies.

1. CITY FORM IN THE CONTEXT OF DEVELOPED AND developing COUNTRIES Compiled by: J yoti Ayush Chaudhary Ayush Garg Shweta K hatriker Vijay Meena PLANNING THEORY

2. S tructure Introduction city city forms Types of city forms The Radio centric city The gridiron city The linear city City growth Ecological models of urban land use model Concentric Model Sector Model Multi nuclei Model

3. Introduction-cities A city is a group of people and a number of permanent structures within a limited geographical area , so organized as to facilitate the interchange of goods and services among its residents and with the outside world. The settlements grew into villages, villages transformed into cities. Cities created when large number of people live together, in a specific geographic location leading to the Creation of urban areas . Cities exist for many reasons, and the diversity of urban forms depends on the complex functions that cities perform.

4. What is Urban Form…? Urban Form refers to the- physical layout and design of the city spatial imprint of an urban transport system adjacent physical infrastructures . Jointly , they confer a level of spatial arrangement to cities . Urban form or city form defined as- ‘ the spatial pattern of human activities at a certain point in time’.

5. Factors Influencing city form

6. The Radiocentric city Geographical possibilities of spreading in all directions. Radio centric - Radiate outward from a common centre. Inner Outer ring roads linked by radiating roads. Core has business area. Industrial area interspersed within the residential. Periphery has green belts. Example : Washington DC, Pre-industrial Baghdad in Iraq.

7. CASE STUDY-RADIOCENTRIC CITY MOSCOW

8. The Radial city: Moscow Moscow, the world biggest Megapolis (Russian Moskva ) is the capital of Russia . The city grew in a pattern of rings and radials that marked Moscow's growth from ancient time to modern layout . The center of all rings is Moscow Kremlin and famous Red Square. Moscow, 1893

9. Moscow, At Present Successive epochs of development are traced by the The Boulevard Ring and The Garden Ring, The Moscow Little Ring Railway, And the Moscow Ring Road.

10. The Grid Iron city It is composed of straight streets crossing at right angles to create many regular city blocks. This form is typical of cities built after the industrial revolution – because only then did cities place such importance on economic activity. A city grid iron plan facilitates the movement of people and product throughout the city.

11. CASE STUDY GRID IRON PATTERN

12. The primary module of city’s design is a Sector, a neighbourhood unit of size 800 m X1200 m. It is a self-sufficient unit having shops, school, health centres and places of recreations . The population of a sector varies between 3000-20000 depending upon sizes of plots and topography of the area. The shopping street of each sector is linked to the adjoining sectors thus forming one long, continuous ribbon . The central green of each Sector also stretches to the green of the next sector CHANDIGARH

13. The Grid Iron city: San F rancisco San Francisco was designed to accommodate outrageous number of people that came to the city during the Gold Rush. It was laid out in a grid pattern imposed on a city of hills built on the end of a peninsula. Both grids and irregular forms can be seen in San Francisco. Downtown  San Francisco is extremely dense. The planning commission split downtown into four separate zones with different purposes . Office District Retail District General Commercial District Support District

14. The Linear city Initially proposed by Soria Y Mata. Expand the city along the spine of transport  The Linear City concept is a Conscious Form Of Urban Development   with Housing And Industry Growing Along The  Highway Between existing cities and contained by the continuous open space of the rural countryside.

15. Navi Mumbai Alternative to Mumbai http://www.cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/img/Navi_Mumbai/Development_Plan_Map.jpg

16. The Linear City: Navi Mumbai The growth of Mumbai city is constrained by sea at south, east and west. As a result total land area available for development of Mumbai is limited. The cost of real estate and housing in Navi Mumbai is much less than costs in Mumbai and sub-urban areas. Many government and corporate offices have been shifted from Mumbai to Navi Mumbai . the Taloja and Thane Belapur Industrial Belt of Navi Mumbai offer job opportunities of every conceivable kind - from engineers to mechanics to clerks to peons. As a result a large population of service class and middle class population shifted to Navi Mumbai. http://www.nmmconline.com/web/guest/history1

17. City growth According to urbanist Hans Blumenfeld, cities can grow in any of three ways: Outward (expanding horizontally) Upward (expanding vertically) Toward greater density (expanding interstitially) As long as intra city traffic moved only by foot or hoof, possibilities of horizontal and vertical expansion were strictly limited. Growth was mainly interstitial, filling up every square yard of vacant land left between buildings. With the advent of the elevator and the steel frame, the vertical growth of skyscrapers began. Suburbs spread out horizontally along streetcar and bus lines and around suburban railroad stations, surrounded by wide-open spaces.

18. Ecological urban land-use Model .

19. Concentric zone model Developed in 1925 by Ernest w. Burgess. Cities grow radially outward away from a single centre. Different land uses are distributed like concentric rings around the city centre. They are: CBD, zone in transition, low-class residential zone, middle-class residential zone, high-class residential zone . Criticisms about concentric zone theory Physical features - land may restrict growth of certain sectors Commuter villages defy the theory, being in the commuter zone but located far from the city Decentralization of shops, manufacturing industry, and entertainment It assumes an isotropic plain - an even, unchanging landscape

20. Concentric zone model

21. Sector Model Developed in 1939 by Homer Hoyt ,states that a city develops in sectors , not rings All land uses except the CBD form sectors around the city centre. The land use zones are influenced by radial transport routes. High-rental and low-rental areas repel one another . Criticisms about sector model Applies well to Chicago. Low cost housing is near industry and transportation proving Hoyt’s model Theory based on 20th century and does not take into account cars which make commerce easier With cars, people can live anywhere and further from the city and still travel to the CBD using their car. Not only do high-class residents have cars, but also middle and lower class people may have cars.

22. Sector Model

23. Sector Model: Gandhinagar Gandhinagar is planned to function mainly as administrative center for the state. The sectors are numbered from 1 to 30 and they are formed by seven roads running in each direction and cutting each other perpendicularly. They are planned on the neighborhood concept in two phases: First Phase - The basic amenities were constructed. Second phase - constructions of capital complex, sports complex, town halls, research institution, cinemas, cultural centers, residential bungalows etc.

24. Multiple nuclei model A model of urban land use in which a city grows from several independent points rather than from one central business district . Apart from the CBD, there are several separated, secondary centres. Certain functions require specialised facilities or sites, e.g. a port district needs a suitable waterfront. Similar functions may group together for agglomeration economies. Criticisms about the Multiple nuclei model Negligence of height of buildings. Non-existence of abrupt divisions between zones. No consideration of influence of physical relief and government policy. The concepts may not be totally applicable to oriental cities with different cultural, economic and political backgrounds.

25. Multiple nuclei model

26. Multi-nuclei Model

27. Delhi Radial to multi-nuclei or polycentric city form Delhi

28. References Cities and Urban Life – By John J. Macionis And Vincent N. Parrillo Good City Form – Kelvin Lynch www. urbanform .org www.cityform .mit.edu www.ocw.mit.edu › Courses › Architecture www. urbanmodel.com www.cs.toronto.edu/~ mes/russia/ moscow /description.html www. sf - planning .org jnnurm.nic.in/ wp -content/uploads/2010/12/CDP_ Delhi .pdf chandigarh .gov.in/knowchd_gen_ plan .htm www.cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/NM_Development plan .aspx

29. Thank You